QD PC-NRLF NO 1 UN I ELLEN H,,RiCHA,FDS LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY -OF CALIFORNIA. Class WORKS OF ELLEN H. RICHARDS PUBLISHED BY JOHN WILEY & SONS 43-45 East Nineteenth Street, New York Laboratory Notes on Industrial Water Analysis: A Survey Course for Engineers. 8vo, 52 pages. Cloth, 50c net. The Cost of Cleanness. 12mo, v + 109 pages. Cloth. $1.00. The Cost of Living as Modified by Sanitary Science. Third Edition, Revised. 12mo. 164 pages. Cloth. $1.00. Air, Water, and Food, From a Sanitary Standpoint. By Ellen H. Richards, with the assistance of Alpheus G. Woodman, Instructors in Sanitary Chemistry in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Second Edition, Revised. 8vo. 270 pages. Cloth. $2.00. The Cost of Food : A Study in Dietaries. 12mo. 161 pages. Cloth. $1.00. The Dietary Computer. By Ellen H. Richards, Instructor in Sanitary Chem- istry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, assisted by Louise Harding Williams. $1.50 net. Pamphlet separately, $1.00 net. The Cost of Shelter. 12mo. vi + 136 pages. Illustrated. Cloth. $1.00. " Cost of Living " Series. 1. Cost of Living. 2. Cost of Food. 3. Cost of Shelter. 4. Cost of Cleanness. 12mo. Cloth. 4 vols. in a box. $4.00. Published by WHITCOMB & BARROWS Huntington Chambers The Chemistry of Cooking and Cleaning. By Ellen H. Richards and S. Maria Elliott. 168 pages. Cloth. $1.00. Food Materials and their Adulterations. 183 pages. Cloth. $1.00. Revised Edition. Edited by Ellen H. Richards and Marion Talbot. 85 pages. Paper. 25c. Plain Words about Pood. The Rumford Leaflets. Illustrated. 176 pages. Cloth. $1.00. First Lessons on Food Diet. 52 pages. Cloth. 30c net. The Art of Right-Living. 50 pages. Cloth. 60o net. LABORATORY NOTES ON INDUSTRIAL WATER ANALYSIS A SURVEY COURSE FOR ENGINEERS BY ELLEN H. RICHARDS INSTRUCTOR IN SANITARY CHEMISTRY, MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY FIRST EDITION FIRST THOUSAND ^I»RA.R^ OF THE UNIVERSH or NEW YORK JOHN WILEY & SONS LONDON: CHAPMAN & HALL^ LIMITED 1908 COPYBIQHT, 1908, BY ELLEN H. RICHARDS. Stanhope ]prcss H. GILSON COMPANY BOSTON. U.S.A. TABLE OF CONTENTS. PART I. PAGE INTRODUCTION 1-3 FIRST LABORATORY EXERCISE 4-8 SECOND LABORATORY EXERCISE 9-11 THIRD LABORATORY EXERCISE 12-16 FOURTH LABORATORY EXERCISE 17-25 FIFTH LABORATORY EXERCISE 26-28 PART H. STANDARD SOLUTIONS 29-36 COMPUTATION OF HYPOTHETICAL COMBINATIONS 37-38 PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION OF SALINITY IN VARIOUS WATERS . 39 TABLES 40-46 CONVENIENT DATA 47 SOME USEFUL REFERENCES 48 1.78 5 26 .-. OF TH£ "* JVERSn OF TORNlA . LABORATOKY NOTES ON INDUSTRIAL WATER ANALYSIS. PART I. INTRODUCTION. WATER is needed for many uses, the quality desired varying with the needs of the industry. The quality of water found depends upon the geological formations over which it flows or through which it percolates, and upon the previous use which man has made of it. Because of the growing scarcity of the supply, the increasing use per capita, the congestion of popula- tion and the occupation of even the desert and mountain slope, the securing of either safe potable water or water suited to manufacturing purposes becomes more and more difficult, and there is demanded a closer study of the country's resources and of waters suited to the different uses. Restrictions will undoubtedly be adopted in the near future preventing not only sheer waste and pollution, but assigning various supplies to the most suitable uses. In other words, certain sources of water supply must be saved for the most important needs, and certain other sources must be so treated as to make them usable. Water unsatisfactory for one purpose may be or may be made quite satisfactory for another. The present generation of engineers may not be confronted with these problems, but the students now in training will cer- 1 2 LABORATORY NOTES tainly meet them, and should go to them untrammeled by the practice of the past. Leaving aside potable water, there is a demand for water for steam, for dyeing and textile manufacturing, for brewing, for chemical processes, etc. While each industry has its own peculiar requirements to be determined by the expert chemist, yet the engineer, in deciding upon recommendations, is often required to estimate the value of water for general purposes. It is of great service to him if he is able to reject at once, to classify as good, or to put into the doubtful category the samples he is examining. If this can be done in the field or in the office, so much the better. The one essential point is that the engineer should recognize both his own limitations and those of the method he employs. A trained and experienced chemist may see more meaning in a given reaction than the ordinary observer. A given test may reveal only a part of the truth, or, in unusual circumstances, it may be misleading. But with all these risks of imperfect work, there are many occasions when a little knowledge is a wholly valuable possession, so that it is worth while for the student to spend thirty hours on a series of experiments which will indicate methods of attack and may save weeks in the future. Water taken from the deep ground is a sort of residual mother liquor derived from years of time and miles of travel. Surface waters are usually mixed with more or less ground water. The evaporation of water for steam involves a concentration of whatever the feed water holds in suspension or solution, leav- ing in the boiler a thick mud or a coating of more or less stony scale. This is a detriment to the efficiency of the boiler as an evaporator and to its strength as well. It follows, therefore, LABORATORY NOTES 3 that a good water for steam production should be fairly free from suspended clay and earth, from silica, and from easily precipitated iron compounds, from calcium and magnesium bicarbonates, which are precipitated on boiling, and from carbonates and sulphates, which are left as a residue on evaporation. The more friable substances may be removed to a great extent by frequent " blowing off." This involves some waste of power, and involves much inconvenience. The stony substance may be, to a certain extent, converted to a friable condition by chemi- cal reaction, loosened by kerosene, or prevented from adhering by the use of organic substances. The deposition of scale is not the only danger to be guarded against. Certain waters attack the metals composing the boiler shell and tubes, often dissolving so much that essential parts are thereby weakened. Such waters are as uneconomical and dangerous for steam making as are hard waters. Magnesium chloride and nitrates are objectionable for this reason. For manufacturing purposes there are special requirements to be considered under each case. In this short course only special methods are considered, leaving out the ordinary analytical processes to be found in text-books. FIRST LABORATORY EXERCISE. To classify the sample in hand, use the following preliminary tests. Note appearance — much or little color, turbidity, sediment, organisms, etc. — as a guide to the final conclusion. Keep the sample well mixed without violent shaking, to insure uniformity of successive portions taken. Examine the waters for division into general classes, as follows : I. Scale-forming, relay and mud, bicarbonates Ca (a) Friable deposits :{ I and Mg; carbonates Ca, Mg, Fe. chiefly calcium sulphate, or iron (b) Stony deposits: carbonate and silica, cement- ing other substances. II. Moderate scale-forming, easily controlled, (a) Natural waters, not carrying great excess of mineral substances. (b) Effluents from alum or iron sulphate filters. III. Non-scale forming, but corrosive, (a) Natural, soft, clear or colored waters, carrying strong acid reaction from C02 or "humic" acids. May be high in organic matter. (b) Waters carrying magnesium chloride. (c) Polluted waters carrying bacterial products, or- ganic or other acids, ammonia, etc.; i.e., rivers acting as sewers. (d) Contaminated waters carrying chlorides, nitrates, etc.; i.e., wells and "organic matter free" effluents. FIRST LABORATORY EXERCISE 5 IV. In certain sections of the country another class of natural waters occur carrying sodium salts chiefly, alkaline in character. These cause foaming or priming, and illustrate the care to be taken in the use of sodium carbonate as a remedy. These waters will be indicated by a negative result in titration for per- manent hardness. An excess of organic matter also often causes foaming. Examine the three waters assigned and place them in the proper class, I, II, or III, by comparative qualitative or quanti- tative tests, for — total hardness, sulphates, carbonates, chlorides, color, carbon dioxide, nitrates, ammonia, and iron, by described methods. For instance, comparison with standards for color and for ammonia; by titration for carbon dioxide, and, if desir- able, for organic matter; by evaporation to determine nitrates and iron. Preliminary "Hardness " Test. 10 cc. of the water is measured into the test bottle H, and 40 cc. of distilled water added. From the soap solution burette 1 cc. is run into the bottle H (about 6 cm. wide by 12 cm. high to the shoulder), glass stoppered. The contents are well shaken, and if no foam or " lather " remains add successive portions of 1 cc. each, until a partial covering of the surface is noted; then 0.5, and, finally, 0.2 cc. at each addition, until the surface is just covered with a white foam at the end of five minutes, the bottle H lying on its side. If not more than 2 cc. of the soap solution have been used, the water contains at most about 97 parts per million of calcium and magnesium salts, and is " soft." Use Table No. II. For a closer determination of soft water make another test, using 50 cc. of the water without dilution, Class III. Use Table No. I. If 5 cc. of the soap solution have been used, the water contains about 300 parts and is " hard," Class II. If 8 or 6 LABORATORY NOTES 10 cc., 500 or 600 parts, and the water is very hard, Class I, and no further test is made. If the first foam disappears at the end of three minutes and more is required to secure a permanent (for five minutes) foam, magnesium is indicated. Much magnesium gives also a characteristic curdy scum. If no foam is permanent with 10 cc. of soap solution the water is too hard to be tested by this strength of soap solution. For double strength see Tables III and IV. In order to gain some knowledge of the samples as an aid in future procedures, from each sample of water take two portions of about 10 cc. each; pour into two test tubes. To the first test tube add a few drops of silver nitrate, AgN03. Note amount and character of the resulting precipitate, then add a few drops of dilute nitric acid, HN03. Note the permanence or disappearance of all or a greater portion of the precipitate. Silver carbonate will be dissolved; silver chloride will not; thus both carbonates and chlorides are indicated by the same test. If only a slight milkiness remains, the sample must be con- centrated (100 cc. or 250 cc. to 25 cc.) before testing for exact amount of chlorine. The water is probably Class III, but is not rigidly classified by this test. To the second test tube add a few drops of barium chloride, BaCLj. Note amount of precipitate, then add a few drops of dilute hydrochloric acid, HC1. If the precipitate perceptibly disappears, carbonates as well as sulphates are present. If a heavy precipitate remains, the turbidimeter may be used with the unconcentrated water, Class I. Otherwise, 200 cc. to 500 cc. are to be put on the water bath to concentrate. If there is no perceptible precipitate on standing, no further test is needed. The water is probably Class II, but is not rigidly classified by this test. FIRST LABORATORY EXERCISE 7 Excess of Carbon Dioxide. Class III or II, rarely I. Titrate 100 cc. of the original water to be tested in a graduated 100 cc. Nessler tube with sodium carbonate to absorb the " free " or excess C02 yielding sodium bicarbonate. If — Na2C03is ou used, multiply the cc. required to produce a permanent faintly pink color by 10 to give parts per million of calcium carbonate to the excess C02. If — Na2C03 is used, each cc. water made alkaline with 3 cc. KOH. Holding the "tubes close together, run in standard solution from the burette with fre- quent rotation until the colors match. If more than 25 cc. of the standard is required, discard these solutions and evapo- rate 1 cc. or even J cc. for a new test. On the other hand, if 6 LABORATORY NOTES 10 cc., 500 or 600 parts, and the water is very hard, Class I, and no further test is made. If the first foam disappears at the end of three minutes and more is required to secure a permanent (for five minutes) foam, magnesium is indicated. Much magnesium gives also a characteristic curdy scum. If no foam is permanent with 10 cc. of soap solution the water is too hard to be tested by this strength of soap solution. For st.rpncrt.h spifi Tables III and IV. ERRATA. Page 7, line 8, "g." not "ing." " 20, " 12, " sulphanilic," not " sulphuric "; "naphthylamine.'1 " 21, " 20, insert after " tested " : " Add 10 cc. sulphuric acid (1 : 3)." " 32, " 2 from bottom, " liter," instead of "like." " u " 1 " " "oxygen." Not "Oxygen." " " " 1 " " " -fa " begins new sentence. " 33, " 1, "0," instead of "0°." " " " 2, "oxygen," instead of " Oxygen." " 34. " 17, "0.00001 gram Fe." " " " 18, " Sulphocyanate," not "ide." " 35, " 9, insert "a" before "naphthylamine " " 44, last line, " 53.6, " instead of " 15.6 cc. water." " 48, line 12, " Eng. Record," instead of " Report." " " " 20, add after "Society," "Vol. 25, p. 394." " " " 21, after " Walker," add "Vol. 29, p. 1251." the unconcentrated water, Class I. Otherwise, 200 cc. to 500 cc. are to be put on the water bath to concentrate. If there is no perceptible precipitate on standing, no further test is needed. The water is probably Class II, but is not rigidly classified by this test. FIRST LABORATORY EXERCISE 7 Excess of Carbon Dioxide. Class III or II, rarely I. Titrate 100 cc. of the original water to be tested in a graduated 100 cc. Nessler tube with sodium carbonate to absorb the " free " or excess C02 yielding sodium bicarbonate. If -£- Na2C03 is ou used, multiply the cc. required to produce a permanent faintly pink color by 10 to give parts per million of calcium carbonate 79 equivalent to the excess C02. If — Na2C03 is used, each cc. 2'2 is equivalent to 0.001 j|g. of C02. Phenolphthalein is used as indicator, and may be added to the sodium carbonate solution when made up. Determination of Nitrates. With a burette pipette take from each sample (clarified by milk of alumina if turbid or colored) two portions, one of 2 cc. and one of 5 cc., run into 3-inch porcelain dishes; place on the top of the water bath to evaporate for the determination of nitrates. When just dry, cool and add six drops of phenol-di-sulphonic acid. With a short bent glass rod, cause the acid to cover all the residue; add water from the automatic pipette or from a graduate to dilute the acid. Make alkaline and note color, if any. The amount of nitrates present may be estimated by matching this color with the color produced by a known amount of solution, 1 cc. = 0.000001 gram N. Select two tubes of equal diameter, thickness and shade of glass, of 50 or 100 cc. capacity. Rinse the con- tents of the dish into one of these and make up to the graduation with distilled water. Fill the other tube half full of distilled water made alkaline with 3 cc. KOH. Holding the tubes close together, run in standard solution from the burette with fre- quent rotation until the colors match. If more than 25 cc. of the standard is required, discard these solutions and evapo- rate 1 cc. or even J cc. for a new test. On the other hand, if 8 LABORATORY NOTES the color in the porcelain dish is very slight it may be matched directly, using a similar dish. The number of cc. of standard used divided by the number of cc. of sample evaporated gives the parts per million. In the field it may be more convenient to use the Brucine method as follows: to 1 cc. of the water in a 3-inch porcelain dish add 2 cc. concentrated H2S04; cool; fold a piece of solid Brucine, about the size of a B.B. shot, in a 7 cm. filter. Place the paper on the side of the dish, washing it with the solution by a rotary motion. The appearance of a bright pink color of greater or less intensity proves the presence of nitrates in greater or less amount. The yellow color which results in a few minutes may be used to compare with standards. This method will detect five parts or more of nitrates per million. These preliminary tests will show whether the water is incrustant or corrosive, and will give an approximate idea of the quantities of each important constituent, so that in the quan- titative analysis to follow, certain tests may be omitted. For instance, if silver nitrate (solution 25 grams to the liter) causes no perceptible cloudiness, it may be assumed that chlorine exists in less amount than two parts per million. If barium chloride causes no perceptible cloudiness, sulphates are so low as to be neglected for general uses. If the water is " soft " (less than 100 parts per million), no tests for incrustants need be subsequently applied, but atten- tion may be concentrated on its corrosive qualities. In Class I if sulphates are predominant, treatment will be required. Treatment with alcohol and the use of the turbidi- meter as described on page 10 will probably give good results. If the chlorides, etc., predominate, other more satisfactory tests are to be applied. SECOND LABORATORY EXERCISE. DETERMINATION OF AMOUNT OF SCALE-FORMING MATERIAL IN CLASS I OR CLASS II, AND OF TOTAL SOLIDS. DETERMINATION OF IRON IN SOME CASES. DETERMINATION OF SULPHATES BY THE TURBIDIMETER OR OTHERWISE. Total Solids. Evaporate 100 to 200 cc. of the sample to dry- ness on a water bath according to observed hardness in a tared platinum dish. Dry in the oven at 100° C. or 110° C. for two hours. Waters high in chlorides absorb moisture very rapidly and dry with difficulty. Cool the dish in a sulphuric acid desiccator and weigh quickly. Use the residue for incrus- tants or for iron determination. Incrustants by Non-Solution. Treat the residue three times with 60 per cent alcohol, allowing it to stand 20 minutes each time. Decant carefully after each treatment (it may be neces- sary to filter if a flocculent precipitate floats, the small ashless filter being held in a twisted wire and ignited over the dish). Dry the dish, cool and weigh as before. This residue gives an approximate per cent, i.e., an estimate of the non-soluble material the water will yield on evaporation. Determination of Iron. If not used for incrustants, the residue from total solids determination is treated with 5 cc. HC1 (I-I), warming if solution is not immediate. Wash out into a 100 cc. Nessler tube with distilled water to the 50 cc. mark. Oxidize the possible ferrous compounds to ferric by a few drops of potassium permanganate. The pink color should persist 5 minutes. Make up a blank with 50 cc. distilled water and 1 cc. HC1 (I-I). To the sample prepared as above and 10 LABORATORY NOTES to the blank add 15 cc. potassium sulphocyanate, KCyS. Place in a good light. To the blank add from a finely graduated 1 cc. pipette, standard iron solution one-tenth cc. at a time, rotating the tube to mix each time, until the red color matches the color of the sample. The standard iron contains 0.00001 gram Fe in 1 cc. Sulphates by Turbidimeter. The opacity is due to sulphates precipitated as barium sulphate, BaS04, finely divided, and remaining in suspension, unless the sulphates are present in large amount. Operation. To 100 cc. of water add HC1 sufficient to acidify (about 1 cc.) and 1-2 grams BaCl2. Shake until dissolved. Pour slowly into the graduated tube of the turbidimeter (keep- ing the outside perfectly dry) until the flame beneath just dis- appears when looking down through the liquid. Caution: The tube must not be placed over the flame when empty. Calculate, after first noting height of liquid in cm. amount of SO3, from formula X -- Q-°57^ where X = amount of S03 present, y = height of liquid in cm., or from Table No. V. Waters containing 80-300 parts per million read directly; if less, concentrate, if more, dilute before precipitation. The most accurate readings are those obtained in the upper half of the tube. Determine grams of S04 from S03 by the ratio of molecular weights. As molecular weight of S04 = 96, and of S03 = 80, multiply grams of S03 obtained by f f , or f , to obtain grams of S04. The successful use of the turbidimeter requires a little practice and care in securing a steady pointed flame, and careful and frequent mixing of the solution to prevent the heavy precipitate from settling out. Sulphates may also SECOND LABORATORY EXERCISE 11 be determined by the usual gravimetric method, or by titra- tion with potassium chromate (Wehrenfennig, p. 28), as follows: Remove the bicarbonates from 200 cc. of the water to be tested by boiling 15 minutes, taking care to keep the volume by replacing the loss with distilled water, to prevent the precipitation of calcium sulphate by concentration. Decant, or filter 100 cc. into a graduated 150 cc. flask; add 10 to 20 cc. • — barium chloride, according to amount of sulphate present. /Y\ Heat 5 minutes and add from a burette — potassium chromate until the supernatant liquid shows a faint but distinct yellow. Cool, fill to the mark with distilled water, filter 100 cc. into a Nessler tube. Make a blank with distilled water in a com- panion tube, running in from the burette sufficient potassium chromate to match the color. The difference between the number of cc. used with the sample and with the blank, mul- tiplied by f, subtracted from the number of cc. of barium chloride used, multiplied by 40, gives parts per million. THIRD LABORATORY EXERCISE. Alkalinity (including " temporary hardness ") comprises the carbonates and hydrates which will react with added sul- phuric acid. It is frequently necessary to determine this before deciding upon treatment. Magnesium as hydrate, set free by calcium hydrate, may be determined in the same solution. Permanent Hardness. Calcium and magnesium sulphates which will react with added sodium or potassium carbonates or hydrates, but which is not removed without such reaction. Alkalinity by Titration. Measure 100 cc. of the sample into 79 a 200 cc. graduated flask and titrate with — H2S04, using ou methyl orange as an indicator. The number of cc. of acid used multiplied by 10 gives parts per million calcium carbonate corresponding to the alkalinity. This value multiplied by 3.42 gives the weight of aluminum sulphate A12(S04)3 which the water will decompose and by 4.74 gives the weight of alum, KA1(S04)2 . 12 H20. When lacmoid is used as an indicator, measure 100 cc. into a 6-inch porcelain evaporating dish; add 0.5 cc. of lacmoid solution (2 grams in one liter of 50 per cent alcohol). Heat until nearly boiling, run in the — sulphuric 50 acid, as before, until a reddish-purple takes the place of the blue color. Heat again, and if the blue returns drop the acid cautiously into the middle of the dish, noting any change in color as the drop spreads. Read the burette for the total number of cc. used. 12 THIRD LABORATORY EXERCISE 13 When heat is not desirable or available, and methyl orange is objected to, 100 cc. may be measured into a 250 cc. white glass-stoppered bottle, 2.5 cc. erythrosine solution (0.1 gm. of the sodium salt in one liter of distilled water), added together with 5 cc. of chloroform (neutral to erythrosine), and the — oO acid run in a few drops at a time. The bottle must be shaken vigorously. The rose color should slowly disappear until a white paper held back of the bottle fails to reveal a trace of pink in the liquid above the chloroform. For magnesium, use the already titrated sample by boiling for 15 minutes in the flask, then adding from a burette (closed circuit) 25 cc. or for waters high in magnesium 50 cc. saturated " lime water," calcium hydrate, and allow to stand on the water bath or hot plate 15 minutes longer. The 200 cc. flask should have an additional graduation at 205 cc. to allow for the expansion of the liquid from 17°-100° C. At the end of the 15 minutes, fill to the 205 cc. mark with boiling distilled water, mix and filter quickly into a graduated cylinder, and reject the first 30 or 40 cc. (used to wash the filter paper and to heat the cylinder). Titrate the next 100 cc. with —-112804, ou using methyl orange as indicator. Since with the most rapid and careful manipulation a certain carbonation of the " lime water " may occur, a blank is put through all the operations including filtration with the same number of cc. of the calcium hydroxide (if several samples are done at the same time, one blank will serve). The difference between the acid used for the blank and for the sample is the number of cc. which would have been used up by the lime water which has entered into combination with the acid radical and driven out the magnesium as hydrate, a flocculent- precipitate. 14 LABORATORY NOTES Because only 100 of the original 200 cc. is used, multiply by 20 the cc. of acid used to obtain the parts per million of calcium carbonate equivalent to the magnesium in the sample. The ratio CaC03:Mg :: 100 : 24.18 will give parts per million Mg. The whole operation should not occupy more than forty-five minutes, including the two fifteen-minute periods of heating. To Determine Magnesium by Soap Titration. To 100 cc. of water found to contain magnesium add 0.1 gram powdered ammonium oxalate. Shake until dissolved and filter. Test 50 cc. with the soap solution. The calcium should have been removed as oxalate. For Permanent Hardness (incrustants par excellence). Boil in a porcelain dish 250 cc. of the water. Add 25 cc. of — "soda reagent " (made of equal parts of sodium hydroxide and sodium carbonate. This mixture is especially for magnesium waters), and boil for 10 minutes. For waters which show a hardness by the soap test of over 400 parts per million use - soda reagent. Filter, and while hot make up with boiling distilled water to 250 cc. ; mix and titrate 100 cc. with — • H2S04, using oO methyl orange as indicator. Make a blank, using boiling distilled water instead of the sample. The difference gives the cc. " soda reagent " used up by the permanent hardness. This number of cc. multiplied by ten gives the parts per million of calcium carbonate corre- sponding to permanent hardness, CaC03:CaS04: : 100: 138. If the water shows excess of " soda reagent " over the blank, it contains sodium or potassium carbonate, and the number of cc. .multiplied by 10 gives parts per million of calcium carbonate equivalent to the sodium carbonate present. THIRD LABORATORY EXERCISE 15 Those students who have samples very " hard " with car- bonates or sulphates may use the following method for incrus- tants. It is not so satisfactory for chloride or nitrate waters. I. Determination of Scaling Material. By means of a 250 cc. graduated flask, measure 250 cc. of the water to be examined into a 6-inch porcelain evaporating dish. Then add, from a 7? burette or 10 cc. pipette, exactly 10 cc. of — sodium car- bonate solution. Place on the hot plate, or if short of time place over the flame of the burner and keep gently boiling until the volume is reduced to about 25 cc. Be careful not to boil too hard, or some of the water will be lost by spurting. While the water is being evaporated fold two 11 cm. ashless filter papers and put into the drying oven; after one hour remove them, cool in the desiccator and counterpoise them on the balances, cutting from the heavier until they are just equal in weight. Also dry and weigh a No. 2 or a No. 3 beaker at the same time. Put the filter papers into a funnel, one inside the other, and stand the weighed beaker under to catch the filtrate. The end of the funnel should touch the side of the beaker so that the liquid will not spatter out on dropping. Next, filter the material in the evaporating dish through the papers, washing down all loose precipitate with a fine jet of water from the wash bottle, using as little water as possible. To clean the dish add 5 cc. of — hydrochloric acid from a clean burette and rub over the surface of the dish; add 10 cc. of ~ sodium carbonate from the pipette and boil for one minute. Turn the dish so that the solution touches all parts of its surface, exactly neu- tralizing the hydrochloric acid. Filter through the same papers, rubbing the dish with a rubber-tipped stirring rod until 16 LABORATORY NOTES every particle of precipitate is loosened. Wash into the funnel with hot water again, using very little water. Wash the filter and its contents until it is free from soluble matter, requiring about six applications of water. The filtrate and washings in the weighed beaker now contain the soluble alkalies, and the precipitate comprises all the scale-forming material. Dry the latter in the papers at 110° C. in the oven, cool in the desiccator and weigh, putting the empty (tared filter) paper on the right-hand pan. (This method is used by Professor Parr of the University of Illinois.) FOURTH LABORATORY EXERCISE. Waters belonging to Class III especially may be tested for their action on metals. Those that show the presence of ammonia in the preliminary test may be distilled for quanti- tative determination. Suspected waters may be tested for nitrites and chlorine, con- centrating if necessary, to compare with a known normal. The amount of oxygen absorbed from potassium perman- ganate (oxygen consumed) which gives a certain indication of the amount of organic matter is often a useful determination. In some cases " oxygen dissolved," or that which the fishes breathe, yields valuable information. Action on Metals. For class illustration it will be sufficient to use freshly polished specimens of the common metals, lead, copper, brass, iron and steel of different grades. These placed singly in sufficient water to cover them an inch deep in tubes or in filled stoppered bottles (the size and number being some- what regulated by the amount of water at hand), may be observed hour by hour and at the end of 12 and 24 hours. The water after filtration may be tested by appropriate methods. The following tests modified from those given in Thresh's book will serve most conveniently. Lead. Decant 5 to 50 cc. of the water in which the metal has been standing into a test tube; add two drops to 1 cc. of acetic acid 1:1; mix, and with a capillary tube or a glass rod add "a droplet " of calcium sulphide (see Reagents, p. 35). Note carefully against a white background, holding tube with opera- 17 18 LABORATORY NOTES tor's back to the light. The white sulphur separates out on contact with the acid solution and turns dark, or if much lead be present, black. If the first addition shows nothing, make a second or third under the same careful observation. To make this and the following tests quantitative, measure the original solution accurately into wide Nessler tubes and determine by means of standard solutions. This test will detect 1 part lead in 10,000,000 of water. By passing hydrogen sulphide gas through the solution a con- siderably greater delicacy has been obtained, or the water may be concentrated, after the addition of nitric acid, subsequent neutralization with KOH, and acidification with acetic acid (which does not decompose H2S as does nitric acid), and the test made as before. Lead sulphide is black even in small quantity, copper sul- phide is copper brown, and therefore if either are present alone they may be detected, but if both are present in the same sample the one color obscures the other. The mixed sulphide may be oxidized by a drop of strong nitric acid, lead precipitated by a drop of sulphuric acid and ammonia added to alkalinity. If a trace of copper be present a characteristic blue color is produced. Copper. Decant as before, add 1 drop to 1 cc. (according to the amount of water used) of H2S04 (1:4), mix, add 1 drop to 1 cc. of a freshly made potassium ferrocyanide solution. A copper-brown color indicates the presence of copper which may be quantitatively determined by means of standards. Lead does not interfere, but iron, if present, must be removed by precipitation with ammonium hydrate and the filtrate acidified and tested. Zinc. Decant and treat precisely as in the test for copper. A white turbidity or milkiness indicates the presence of zinc, FOURTH LABORATORY EXERCISE 19 becoming opaque white if the zinc is abundant. A dilution which shows turbidit}r only may be matched with standard solutions. Considerable quantities of copper or iron interfere and must be removed. Iron. Decant and acidify as before, but oxidize the ferrous iron to ferric by adding potassium permanganate (reagent) until a distinct pink color remains for two minutes, then add the ferrocyanide. A blue color indicates the presence of iron, and its depth is proportional to the quantity of iron, which may be determined by means of standards. If zinc is present, the turbidity may interfere with accuracy. Far the Determination of Free and Albuminoid Ammonia. Free the flask and condensing apparatus by distilling water until there is no test with Nessler reagent. Empty the flask, and without rinsing measure into it 100 cc. of badly polluted waters, or 500 cc. of ordinary quality. If a smaller quantity is used, make up to 500 cc. with ammonia-free water. If the water has an acid reaction, neutralize by sodium carbonate before dis- tilling. Collect 3 portions of 50 cc. each; allow the flask to cool ten minutes, and add 40 cc. alkaline permanganate through a funnel to prevent the least drop from touching the neck of the flask whence it would contaminate the cork or rubber stopper. Watch until boiling has fairly set in to prevent foaming or bumping, lest the stopper be touched by spatters. Collect 3 or 4 portions of 50 cc. each as before. When all are ready prepare standards or use permanent ones. Nesslerize with 1 cc. of the reagent and compare with standards. The first three tubes give the ammonia readily disengaged, "free ammonia," and the last set that which has to be broken out of 20 LABORATORY NOTES combination, so to speak, from as yet undecomposed organic matter, " albuminoid ammonia." The sum of the number of cc. of standard used to match the different tubes, multiplied by 0.02, gives parts per million free or albuminoid ammonia as the case may be. Without distillation the student may sometimes mistake the yellow color given by the potassium hydrate of the Nessler with iron for the mercur-ammonium compound indicating ammonia. Nitrites with ammonia indicate active pollution and therefore a probable corrosive action. Procedure. To 100 cc. of sample in a Nessler tube add 10 cc. £ /? i / ' c*-. each of sulphuric acid and naphthalamine acetate. Allow to stand ten minutes and compare color with standard papers. Quantitative Determination of Chlorine (Air, Water and Food, p. 111). Measure 25 cc. of the water to be tested into a 6-inch evaporating dish; add 6 drops of neutral potassium chro- mate and titrate with AgN03 1 cc. = 0.0005 Cl, approximately. The first rosy flush must be used as the end point. 250 cc. of the water must be concentrated to 25 cc. if it contains less than 20 parts Cl per million. Oxygen Consumed (Absorbed). All waters when strongly acidulated with sulphuric acid and digested with a little permanganate of potash absorb from this salt more or less oxygen, the amount of which can be determined if the amount of available oxygen in the permanganate added is known and the amount left after the action of the water is determined. The difference gives the oxygen absorbed by the substances dissolved in the water. Some very pure waters absorb very little indeed, less than 0.1 mg. per liter, while others containing organic matter in solution absorb many times this FOURTH LABORATORY EXERCISE 21 amount. Although, strictly speaking, an index neither to the quantity nor quality of the organic matter, yet, as the amount absorbed varies in different waters, being usually very small in pure waters and comparatively large in impure waters, the determination is not without value. Certain inorganic sub- stances occasionally found in waters also reduce permanga- nates, such as nitrites, ferrous salts, and sulphides. These act on the permanganate with rapidity, while the organic matter acts very slowly. When any of these substances are present, two determinations are generally made, one to ascertain the amount of oxygen absorbed by the inorganic matter, and the other to estimate the total absorbed oxygen, and the difference is taken as being the amount consumed by the organic matter. The total oxygen consumed varies greatly in the same water, the chief factors being time and temperature; but the degree of acidity and the intensity of the light are not unimportant. For results to be comparable, therefore, they must have been obtained by identical processes. Oxuqen Consumed: Quick Method. Measure into a 15(1 cc. gtfcf/otc Ha$Jty//- flask 25, 50 or 100 cc. of the water to be tested. A Add from a /4 burette 8 to 15 cc. of the standardized permanganate. Bring to a boil, and boil two minutes. Cool one minute; add from a burette 10 cc. (or more if this amount does not decolorize the solution) of ammonium oxalate. Titrate with the perman- ganate to a faint pink. The difference between the total amount used and that given by a blank determination gives the oxygen consumed. Oxygen Consumed: Dr. Thresh's Method. Apparatus and reagents required: Standard solution of potassium perman- 22 LABORATORY NOTES ganate, 1 cc. = .1 mg. available oxygen. Solution of sodium thiosulphate, 1 gram to the liter. Solutions of potassium iodide and of starch. Solution of sulphuric acid, 25 per cent. Stoppered bottles or flasks holding about 400 cc. Burettes, pipettes, etc. Two hundred and fifty cc. of water to be examined heated to 98° F. are measured into one of the bottles or flasks, which should have been previously cleaned with acid, etc. To this are added 10 cc. of the solution of potassium permanga- nate and 10 cc. of the sulphuric acid, and the stopper being inserted the bottle is placed in an incubator kept at about 98° F. Let it remain there for three hours, examining it from time to time to see that a decided pink color remains. If the color tends to disappear, add a second 10 cc. of permanganate solu- tion, as this should always be present in marked excess. While this is incubating, place 250 cc. of the recently distilled water in a second flask, add 10 cc. of the acid, 10 cc. of the permanganate, and 1 cc. of 5 per cent potassium iodide solution, using starch as an indicator. The amount of the solution used corresponds to 1 mg. of available oxygen, or to 10 cc. of the permanganate solution. The thiosulphate solution not keeping well, this standardization should be repeated with every fresh batch of waters or every few days. On no account should the thiosul- phate solution be made with a water containing nitrates, for, if so, nitrites will be formed and vitiate the experiment. The water, after the lapse of three hours, is removed from the incubator, and quickly reduced to the room temperature by immersing the bottle in cold water. The iodide is then added, and the excess of permanganate estimated. In this deter- mination it is most important to cool the water, as the amount of thiosulphate required to destroy the blue color of the iodide of starch is markedly affected by the temperature. This is FOURTH LABORATORY EXERCISE 23 another of the causes, not generally recognized, of the differences in the amount of oxygen absorbed found by different analysts when examining the same water. If it is desired to estimate the oxygen absorbed by the inorganic matter, the water may be warmed to 98° F., and the unreduced permanganate esti- mated. In examining potable waters this determination is rarely required. Oxygen Dissolved. Collect a sample of the water in a calibrated bottle of about 250 or 300 cc., taking care that no air is inclosed. This can be most readily done by allowing water to flow into the bottom of the bottle by means of a piece of rubber tubing attached to glass running through the neck. Then allow the water to overflow for some minutes, at the same time noting the tem- perature of the water. Procedure for Oxygen Dissolved. Remove the stopper from the bottle and add approximately 2 cc. of the manganous sulphate solution and 2 cc. of the sodium hydrate-potassium iodide solution, delivering both of these solutions beneath the surface of the liquid by means of a pipette. Replace the stopper and mix the contents of the bottle by shaking. Allow the precipitate to settle. Remove the stopper, add about 2 c.c. of sulphuric acid and mix thoroughly. Up to this point the procedure may be carried on in the field, but after the sul- phuric acid has been added and the stopper replaced there is no further change, and the rest of the operation may be con- ducted at leisure. For accurate work there are a number of corrections necessary to take into account, but in actual prac- tice it is seldom necessary to take note of them, as they are 24 LABORATORY NOTES ordinarily much less than the errors of sampling. Rinse the N contents of the bottle into a flask, titrate with — solution of sodium thiosulphate, using a few cc. of the starch solution towards the end of the titration. Do not add the starch until the color has become a faint yellow; titrate until the blue color disappears. Calculation of Results (taken from Standard Methods). The standard method of expressing results shall be by parts per million of oxygen by weight. "It is sometimes convenient to know the number of cc. of the gas per liter of 0° C. temperature and 760 mm. pressure, and also to know the percentage which the amount of gas present is, of the maximum amount capable of being dissolved by distilled water at the same temperature and pressure. All three methods of calculation are therefore here given: 0.0002 N X 1 ,000,000 200 AT Oxygen in parts per million = =H — = 0.1395 AT X 1000 139.5 AT Oxygen in cc. per liter = — = — — — 200 NX 100 ^20,000 N V x 0 VO Oxygen in per cent of saturation N Where N = number of cc. of —- thiosulphate solution, V = capacity of the bottle in cc. less the volume of the manganous sulphate and potassium iodide solution added (i.e., less 4 cc.). 0 = the amount of oxygen in parts per million in water saturated at the same temperature and pressure." (See Table A.) FOURTH LABORATORY EXERCISE 25 TABLE A. QUANTITIES OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN PARTS PER MILLION BY WEIGHT IN WATER SATURATED WITH AIR AT THE TEMPERATURE GIVEN. Temp. C. Oxygen. Temp. C. Oxygen . Temp. C. Oxygen. Temp. C. Oxygen. 0 1 2 3 14.70 14.28 13.88 13.50 8 9 10 11.86 11.58 11.31 16 17 18. 19 9.94 9.75 9.56 9 37 24 25 26 8.51 8.35 8.19 • 4 5 13.14 12.80 11 12 13 11.05 10.80 10 57 20 21 9.19 9.01 27 28 29 8.03 7.88 7 74 6 7 12.47 12.16 14 15 10.35 10.14 22 23 8.84 8 67 30 7.60 FIFTH LABORATORY EXERCISE. REMEDIES DEVISED AND TESTED FOR THE DEFECTS FOUND. Waters most seriously objectionable for use in boilers are apt to contain the following substances: Substances which form scale: Calcium sulphate. Magnesium and calcium carbonates. Soluble salts : oxides of iron, silica, and aluminum. Clay and sand. Organic matter as cementing material. Substances which corrode boilers: Acids, both mineral and organic. Magnesium chloride. Certain organic matter. Substances which cause priming: Sodium and magnesium carbonates. Certain organic matter. Alkalies. Remedies for the defects found in waters are both general and specific. " Hard " waters are softened by removal of the calcium salts by precipitation and filtration. Any inexpensive substance that will accomplish this without rendering the water too corrosive is a " remedy." Treat 100 cc. of the sample with a known quantity of the substance chosen, " soda ash," sodium carbonate, tri-sodium phosphate, sodium fluoride, etc. After the reaction is complete (it is usually hastened by heat, FIFTH LABORATORY EXERCISE 27 when the original volume must be made up by distilled water), filter 50 cc. and test'for hardness, etc. After treatment, determine if the action of the water on metals has been increased or diminished. Class II may require very careful study to determine whether frequent blowing off and greater care are not cheaper than reagents. If only two or three fillings of the boilers can be used before wasting it ought to be cheaper to set up a water-softening plant. Class III frequently needs treatment from another reason, — accumulation of sludge, foaming or priming, corrosion or need of removal of color and turbidity for manufacturing. The latter is usually accomplished by a substance like alum, which, decom- posed in the water by some alkaline substance, forms a gelatinous drag net and carries down, if allowed to settle out, the objection- able clay and color as well as germs. The waters which show suffi- cient alkalinity to decompose alum cake, aluminum sulphate, may be tested for the lowest limit of alum which will do the work, because each grain per gallon of anything added to water makes an expense which soon becomes prohibitive. For this reason labor- atory tests for remedies are at best only indicative of the general direction in which to work, and they serve as a preventive of serious mistakes and as time savers in suggestion of means. Patent " boiler compounds " are not to be recommended. Analyses of the scale formed in any given case will often give light. See scheme at end of book. Pitting is probably largely due to inequalities in the compo- sition of the metal. Studies on these lines are in progress. A preliminary test frequently useful is the behavior of the sample on simple heating and on heating with " correctives " such as " soda ash " or sodium phosphate. Heat to boiling 28 LABORATORY NOTES on the iron plate about 50 cc. in a small Erlenmeyer flask. Note if precipitation occurs indicating escape of excess of C02, or if foaming occurs as concentration takes place. Add a little sodium carbonate in powder (soda ash). Note if sulphates precipitate CaS04 + Na2C03 = CaC03 + Na2S04. To the boiling sample add tri-sodium phosphate. Note precipitate. CaC03 + Ht + H01 + C02 - Ca (HC03)2. Primary or acid calcium carbonate is formed when normal carbonate is dissolved in water containing carbon dioxide. It cannot be isolated, and it decomposes at boiling temperature. CaC03 is precipitated and C02 escapes. A statement was made in the Railroad Gazette, March 23 and 30, 1900, that outside of New England and some parts of the Middle South there are very few places where pure soft water can be obtained for locomotive boilers: " In the former localities boilers are found to be in good condition after twenty- five to thirty years' continuous service, while in bad water regions most of the boiler parts have to be renewed every five years or oftener. From statistics gathered the estimate is made that each locomotive using bad water is an expense of $750 annually. The only way to prevent incrustation and corrosion is to purify the water before it enters the boiler: any process or method by which water free from these impu- rities can be delivered to the locomotive at less expense than fifty cents per one thousand gallons will be an advantageous arrangement." This illustrates only one phase of the modern problem of securing the right quality of water for a given use. PART II. STANDARD SOLUTIONS. " Standard " Solutions are made of any convenient value, provided it is known. Thus it is convenient to have a salt solution of one milligram, 0.001 gram per cc. instead of a normal 77 or even a tenth normal •— NaCl. If the value is known it is standard whether normal or not. C. P. chemicals are used. The molecular weight of NaCl is 23 + 35.5, and Normal solution would contain 58.5 grams per liter, or 0.058 per cc., and of chlorine 0.0355, which is 35 times too much for use in this 58 case, therefore — - = 1.648 grams per liter are weighed out to oo.o give a value to 1 cc. of 0.001 gram Cl, a Standard solution. The molecular weight of sulphuric acid, H2S04, is 2 + 32 + 64 = 98, but a normal solution is one containing one hydrogen equivalent, therefore a normal sulphuric acid solution contains 49 grams H2S04 in the liter . ~ . ^- or any desired strength lu ou is made by the suitable dilution. But for the determination of excess of carbon dioxide a standard solution of — is used to £JL give a direct reading of 1 cc. = 0.001 C02. Sulphuric acid, H2S04, 98 grams, unites with Na2C03, 106 grams, or displaces 12 + 32 = 44 C02. Since it is twice the normal, 22 grams of C02 are to be used. The calculation is 1 cc. = 0.022 . — = 1 cc. g- H2S04 = 0.001 gram C02. £a 29 30 LABORATORY NOTES Standard solutions are used not only with indicators to show when the desired reaction is completed, but also to produce colors which may be used in comparison with those in solutions of which the value is to be determined. There are many substances the quantity of which may be estimated by the depth of color they give to the water in which they are dissolved. Picric acid and potassium chromate, for instance, dissolve with a characteristic color which is deeper the more of the substance present. The quantitative determination is always made by the use of standard solutions explained above in which known quantities under comparable conditions are matched in color with the unknown. This method of estimating quantities of dissolved substances is of the greatest use in water analysis where the amounts are usually so small as to necessitate the evaporation of large volumes to secure a workable concentration. The earlier practice required weeks of time and gallons of water to perform an analysis which may now be completed with equal or greater accuracy in a few hours, using a few centimeters of water. Substances liable to change during prolonged heating may now be determined in a few moments. Only spectroscopic methods exceed in delicacy some of the well-known colorimetric tests; for instance, by Nessler's reagent the ten-thousandth of a per cent of ammonia may be detected; a thousandth of a per cent of nitrite may be determined in ten minutes. In both these cases, the substances are so liable to change that the concentration of large amounts of solution would be impossible. The apparatus required for colorimetric tests is usually very simple, easily carried and cleaned. Some tests, however, require STANDARD SOLUTIONS 31 expensive instruments of precision called tintometers or colori- meters. These may save in time what they cost in money. There are several limiting conditions to the use of colorimetric methods which must be clearly understood at the. outset. The depth of color given by a definite quantity of a sub- stance is sometimes affected by temperature, as in the case of the ammonia determination, or by the presence of other sub- stances, as in the nitrite test. One of the most remarkable changes occurs with the disso- ciation of many substances on reaching a certain degree of dilution. The ions of many substances have a different color from the compound. Thus copper sulphate changes from blue to green on dilution; the mercur-ammonium from red to yellow. The dilution used is often, in fact usually, such that a mixture of colors results. From this it is seen at once that the standard used must be quite comparable in all respects. The manner in which the light strikes the solution, the kind and thickness of glass used to contain it, the color of surround- ing objects, all have an influence on the tint of color seen, and therefore, all these must be the same for the standard and for the unknown solution. Moreover, since color is a subjective phenomenon due to the action of light on the eye itself, no two individuals see precisely the same color effect in the same substance, or can describe accurately what they see. This fact makes the use of so-called permanent standards of less value for use by different persons than standards in gravi- metric tests. In cases where no great degree of accuracy is demanded, as in the determination of nitrites in water (time and the surround- ing atmosphere affect the result greatly), standard papers may be used advantageously. Colored glass is extensively employed 32 LABORATORY NOTES for comparison, and only its expense prevents a wider use. Some metallic compounds keep the color and bear dilution sufficiently well to be used, but the student should know how to prepare standards for himself from comparable solutions, and should bear in mind the limits as above noted, and should watch for others which may occur, thus finding his personal equation in color work. There is a decided choice as to which depth of color may be compared with the greatest accuracy; for instance, that given by 1 to 3 cc. of standard ammonium chloride solu- tion is more easily differentiated than a color given by 8 to 12 cc., and the color given by 5 cc. of standard nitrate in 10 cc. volume is more easily matched than a deeper color. As a rule, the lighter shades are preferred. The dilution is made before the reaction is brought about, in most cases, by accurately gradu- ated measuring vessels with complete mixing of the liquids. A few substances will dilute proportionately after the color is produced, as picric acid in the nitrate test, but the color pro- duced by Nessler reagent in the ammonia test will not so dilute. Most of the colors change on standing, and therefore the test is carried out at once. Many solutions do not retain their strength in the light, or in presence of organic matter, or because of molecular decom- position, as potassium permanganate, silver nitrate, sodium thiosulphate ; such solutions need frequent standardization; for example, sodium thiosulphate in the determination of dissolved oxygen is standardized by potassium bichromate solution: K2Cr207+ 14 HC1 + 6 KI = 8 KC1 + 2 CrCl3 + 7 H20 + 6 I. The molecular weight is therefore six times the " normal " based on hydrogen = 1. }\^er 49.07 grams is the weight for a Irke " normal " bichromate and will yield — ^ — 8.000 grams^ ®xygenj— normal will yield 6 40 STANDARD SOLUTIONS 33 0.200 gram 0* and 1 cc. (1000 cc. to the liter) will yield 0.0002 gram or 0.1395 cc| Oxygen at 0° C. and 760 mm. Oxygen 16 : Iodine 127 : : 0.0002 : x 0.0016. — normal thiosulphate (6.2 grams to the liter) should also give 0.0002 gram oxygen per cc. if of standard strength. To test it: Measure out 10 cc. of the bichromate from a burette pipette into a flask. Add 3 cc. KI, 3 cc. strong HC1, 100 of water, and shake two or three minutes. Titrate the liberated iodine with the thiosulphate to be tested. Note how much weaker or stronger it is and use the correction in the calculation. The keeping qualities of the thiosulphate solution are improved by adding to each liter 5 cc. of chloroform and 1.5 grams of ammonium carbonate before making up to the pre- scribed volume. Oxygen Dissolved. Standard thiosulphate 1 cc. = 0.0002 gram oxygen. Standard bichromate, see above. Standard Ammonium Oxalate Solution. Dissolve 0.888 gram of the substance in one liter of distilled water. 1 cc. is equiva- lent to 0.0001 gram of oxygen. Reagents : (1) Manganous sulphate solution, 48 grams MnS04 in 100 cc. distilled water. (2) Sol. of NaOH and KI. Dissolve 360 grams NaOH and 100 grams KI in 1 liter of distilled water. Hardness. Standard Soap Solution. Dissolve 100 grams of the best white castile soap in a liter of 80 per cent alcohol. Dissolve 75-100 cc. of this in about a liter of 70 per cent alcohol, or until 14.25 cc. 34 LABORATORY NOTES of it give the required lather with 50 cc. of standard calcium chloride solution. Standard CaCl^ Solution. Dissolve 0.2 gram pure Iceland spar or CaC03 in dilute HCL Evaporate to dryness several times to remove excess of acid. Dissolve in 1 liter of water. Nitrates. 1. Standard Nitrate Solution. Dissolve 0.720 gram pure recrystallized KN03 in 1 liter of water. Evaporate 10 cc. of this cautiously on water bath. Moisten quickly and thoroughly with 2 cc. of phenol-disulphonic acid and dilute to 1 liter. 1 cc. = 0.000001 gram N. Reagent. 2. Phenol-disulphonic Acid. Heat together 3 grams synthetic phenol with 37 grams pure concentrated H2S04 in a boiling water bath for 6 hours. 3. Brucine. H2S04 concentrated. Iron. Standard Iron Solution. Dissolve 0.86 gram of ferric ammo- nium alum in 500 cc. of water, add 5 cc. HN03 (Sp. Gr. 1.20) and dilute to 1 liter. 1 cc. =^0,0001 gram Fe. o,odoo\ Reagents. (fit*. Potassium Sulphocyanide. 5 grams per liter. Potassium Permanganate. 5 grams per liter. Magnesium. Saturated Lime Water. Shake 1 part of freshly slaked lime with 20 parts of distilled water for 20 minutes and let solution stand over night. Keep in bottle with closed circuit. STANDARD SOLUTIONS 35 Nitrites. 1. Standard Nitrite Solution. Dissolve 1.1 grams specially prepared silver nitrite in water. Precipitate silver with NaCl solution for Cl determination, and make up to 1 liter. 100 cc. of this are diluted to 1 liter, and 10 cc. of this last solution diluted to 1 liter gives the standard solution. 1 cc. = 0.0000001 gram N. 2. Sulphanilic Acid. Dissolve 3.3 grams sulphanilic acid in 750 cc. of water by aid of heat; add 250 cc. glacial acetic acid. 3. Naphthylamine Acetate. Boil 0.5 gram o£*naphthylamine in 100 cc. of water for 5 minutes. Filter through a plug of washed absorbent cotton. Add 250 cc. glacial acetic acid and dilute to 1 liter. Chlorine. 1. Standard Salt Solution. Dissolve 16.48 grams of fused NaCl in 1 liter of distilled water. Dilute 100 cc. of this to 1 liter for standard. 1 cc. = 0.001 gram Cl. 2. Standard Silver Nitrate. Dissolve about 2.42 grams AgN03 (dry crystals) in 1 liter of distilled water. 1 cc. = 0.0005 gram Cl approximately. Standardize against the NaCl solution. Oxygen Consumed. 1. Dilute Sulphuric Acid. One part sulphuric acid to three parts of distilled water. This should be freed from oxidizable matters by adding potassium permanganate until a faint pink color persists after standing several hours. , 2. Standard Potassium Permanganate Solution. Dissolve 0.4 gram of the crystalline compound in 1 liter of distilled water. Standardize against an ammonium oxalate solution. One cc. is equivalent to 0.0001 gram of available oxygen. 36 LABORATORY NOTES Reagent for Metals. Solution of Ca sulphide. Sulphur in fine powder 20 grams. Slaked lime 20 grams. Distilled water 500 cc. Boil until about 400 cc. remain. The solution should have a rich orange-red color; when this fades the solution has become useless. Solution of Potassium Ferro-Cyanide. Dissolve a clear yellow crystal as large as a large pea in 25 cc. of distilled water. This solution does not keep, and must be made up fresh on the day it is to be used. COMPUTATION OF HYPOTHETICAL COMBINATIONS FROM ANALYSES. The business man always asks for the compound known to him in other relations to be reported from a water analysis. This is not often possible with any degree of exactness in the limitation of our present knowledge. In the case of medicinal water, which was the earliest form of analysis, the combination of the mineral substances was doubtless of particular con- sequence. SAMPLE REPORT. RESERVOIR WATER FROM CYPRESS, ILLINOIS, AUGUST 1 TO 30, 1906. Ions. Parts per Million. Hypothetical Combinations. Ions. Parts per Million. Grains per Gallon. Turbidity Susp. solids 146. 58.1 142.8 18.7 10.2 25.6 .8 .5 8.8 .8 .8 6.8 28.9 99.9 Sod. nitrate.. (NaNO3). Sod. chloride (NaCl).. Sod. sulphate (Na-SO4) Mag. carb....(MgCO3). Cal. carb (CaCO3) . Iron carb .... (FeCo3) . . Alumina (A12O3) . . . Silica (SiO2)... Bases (SiO2 + ). Total 1.1 11.2 43.2 35.3 63.9 1.6 .9 8.8 .8 .06 .65 2.50 2.05 3.70 .10 .05 .52 .05 Diss. solids Potassium and K Sodium. . . (Na).. . . Magnesium. . (Mg) . . . Calcium. . . . (Ca) Iron (Fe)... . Aluminum . . (Al) .... Silica (SiO2). . Bases + Si..(SiOj+) Nitrates (NO,)... Chloride.... (Cl).... Sulphate. . . . (SO4) . . . Carbonate . . (HCO3) . 166.8 9.70 For industrial use it is usually of less importance, and the author deprecates the waste of time spent on elaborate calcu- 37 38 LABORATORY NOTES lations. The public soon learns to take results and interpret them as given. The student should, however, understand the rules of such combinations based chiefly on solubilities in the presence or absence of other salts. At various stages of chemical knowledge, results have been reported in various ways. Just now the U. S. Geological Survey has set the fashion of reporting in ions as shown in the example given. To the engineer and inspector a knowledge of the foregoing methods is especially desirable. The composition of the rocks and soils affects the amount and kind of dissolved substances found in water in any given locality, and the distance from the sea affects the normal chlorine which in the interior has been found within 1 part per million when not affected by salt deposits or by pollution. Some idea of the composition of the water found in dif- ferent parts of the world is useful as an indication of what the engineer may expect to encounter. The water taken by man for his use is that which is on its way to the ocean. He takes it in various concentrations from rain caught before it reaches the ground to the brines leaching out salt deposits. The kind of rock and soil through which water percolates or over which it flows modifies and controls the amount of solid matter it carries in solution as it flows on its course. The following are instances of such modification. There are regions where no good water is available. The examples given, except perhaps the Dead Sea, have all been used for industrial purposes, sea water not unfrequently so. LABORATORY NOTES 39 PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION OF SALINITY IN VARIOUS WATERS. TAKEN FROM U. S. G. S. BULLETIN 330. A B C D E F CO3 51 65 34 74 59 03 20 trace 40 02 SO4 Cl 1.05 48 14.90 6 23 .88 59 7.89 55 11 .31 65 81 21.73 64 NO, 1 57 Ca.3. Mff. . 22.94 4 09 20.42 5 21 15.25 10 71 1.23 3 65 4.73 13 28 23.25 5 82 Na 5 14 4 92 6 68 30 64 11 65 1 81 K 1 75 4 65 2 24 1 09 1 85 2 04 SiO2 9 40 6 77 2 97 trace 4 01 FeX>3 1 49 15 1 65 ALOo . 2 01 44 0 58 Total per cent 100 00 100 00 100 00 100 00 100 00 100 00 Alkalinity, parts per million 195 166 144 38,789 192,150 563 A. Mississippi River at Minneapolis. B. Mississippi River above New Orleans. C. Mille Lacs Lake. D. Mediterranean (mid-sea). E. Dead Sea — surface at north end. F. Virginia Hot Springs, Virginia. LABORATORY NOTES TABLE I. TABLE OF HARDNESS, SHOWING THE PARTS OF CALCIUM CARBONATE (CaCOg) IN 1,000,000 FOR EACH TENTH OF A CUBIC CENTIMETER OF WEAK SOAP SOLUTION USED. Using 50 cc. of the sample. Soap 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 Solution, cc. cc. cc. cc. cc. cc. cc. cc. cc. cc. cc. 0.0 0.0 1.6 3.2 1.0 4.8 6.3 7.9 9.5 11.1 12.7 14.3 15.6 16.9 18.2 2.0 19.5 20.8 22.1 23.4 24.7 26.0 27.3 28.6 29.9 31.2 3.0 32.5 33.8 35.1 36.4 37.7 39.0 40.3 41.6 42.9 44.3 4.0 45.7 47.1 48.6 50.0 51.4 52.9 54.3 55.7 57.1 58.6 5.0 60.0 61.4 62.9 64.3 65.7 67.1 68.6 70.0 71.4 72.9 6.0 74.3 75.7 77.1 78.6 80.0 81.4 82.9 84.3 85.7 87.1 7.0 88.6 90.0 91.4 92.9 94.3 95.7 97.1 98.6 100.0 101.5 8.0 103.0 104.5 106.0 107.5 109.0 110.5 112.0 113.5 115.0 116.5 9.0 118.0 119.5 121.1 122.6 124.1 125.6 127.1 128.6 130.1 131.6 10.0 133.1 134.6 136.1 137.6 139.1 140.6 142.1 143.7 145.2 146.8 11.0 148.4 150.0 151.6 153.2 154.8 156.3 157.9 159.5 161.1 162.7 12.0 164.3 165.9 167.5 169.0 170.6 172.2 173.8 175.4 177.0 178.6 13.0 180.2 181.7 183.3 184.9 186.5 188.1 189.7 191.3 192.9 194.4 14.0 196.0 197.6 199.2 200.8 202.4 204.0 205.6 207.1 208.7 210.3 15.0 211.9 213.5 215.1 216.8 218.5 220.2 221.8 223.5 225.2 226.9 TABLE II. TABLE OF HARDNESS, SHOWING THE PARTS OF CaCO3 IN 1,000,000 FOR EACH TENTH OF A CUBIC CENTIMETER OF WEAK SOAP SOLUTION USED. Using 10 cc. of sample of water plus 40 cc. distilled water. Soap Solution, 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 cc. cc. cc. cc. CC. cc. cc. cc. cc. cc. cc. 0.0 8.0 16.0 i!o 24.0 31.5 39.5 47.5 55.5 63.5 71.5 78.0 84.5 91.0 2.0 97.5 104.0 110.5 117.0 123.5 130.0 136.5 143.0 149.5 156.0 3.0 162.5 169.0 175.5 182.0 188.5 195.0 201.5 208.0 214.5 221.5 4.0 228.5 235.5 243.0 250.0 257.0 264.5 271.5 278.5 285.5 293.0 5.0 300.0 307.0 314.5 321.5 328.5 335.5 343.0 350.0 357.0 364.5 6.0 371.5 378.5 385.5 393.0 400.0 407.0 414.5 421.5 428.5 435.5 7.0 443.0 450.0 457.0 464.5 471.5 478.5 485.5 493.0 500.0 507.5 8.0 515.0 522.5 530.0 537.5 545.0 552.5 560.0 567.5 575.0 582.5 9.0 590.0 597.6 605.5 613.0 620.5 628.0 635.5 643.0 650.5 658.0 10.0 665.5 673.0 680.5 688.0 695.5 703.0 710.5 718.5 726.0 734.0 11.0 742.0 750.0 758.0 766.0 774.0 781.5 789.5 797.5 805.5 813.4 12.0 821.5 829.5 837.5 845.0 853.0 861.0 869.0 877.0 885.0 893.0 13.0 901.0 908.5 916.5 924.5 932.5 940.5 948.5 856.5 964.5 972.0 14.0 980.0 988.0 996.0 1004.0 1012.0 1020.0 1028.0 1035.5 1043.5 1051.5 15.0 1059.5 1067.5 1075.5 1084.0 1092.5 1101.0 1109.0 1117.5 1126.0 1134.5 LABORATORY NOTES 41 TABLE III. TABLE OF HARDNESS, SHOWING THE PARTS OF CaCO3 IN 1,000,000 FOR EACH TENTH OF A CUBIC CENTIMETER OF STRONG SOAP SOLUTION USED. Using 50 cc. of sample. Soap Solution, cc. 0.0 cc. 0.1 cc. 0.2 cc. 0.3 cc. 0.4 cc. 0.5 cc. 0.6 cc. 0.7 cc. 0.8 cc. 0.9 cc. 0.0 0.0 1.6 4.8 7.9 11.1 14.3 16.9 1.0 19.5 22.1 24.7 27.3 29.9 32.5 35.1 37.7 40.3 42.9 2.0 45.7 48.6 51.4 54.3 57.1 60.0 62.9 65.7 68.6 71.4 3.0 74.3 77.1 80.0 82.9 85.7 88.6 91.4 94.3 97.1 100.0 4.0 103.0 106.0 109.0 112.0 115.0 118.0 121.1 124.1 127.1 130.1 5.0 133.1 136.1 139.1 142.1 145.2 148.4 151.6 154.8 157.9 161.1 6.0 164.3 167.5 170.6 173.8 177.0 180.2 183.3 186.5 189.7 192.9 7.0 196.0 199.2 202.4 205.6 208.7 211.9 215.1 218.5 221.8 225.2 TABLE IV. TABLE OF HARDNESS, SHOWING THE PARTS OF CaCO3 IN 1,000,000 FOR EACH TENTH OF A CUBIC CENTIMETER OF STRONG SOAP SOLUTION USED. Using 10 cc. of sample of water plus 40 cc. distilled water. Soap Solution, cc. 0.0 cc. 0.1 cc. 0.2 cc. 0.3 cc. 0.4 cc. 0.5 cc. 0.6 cc. 0.7 cc. 0.8 cc. 0.9 cc. 0 0 0 0 8 0 24.0 39.5 55.5 71.5 84.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 97.5 228.5 371.5 515.0 665.5 821.5 980.0 110.5 243.0 385.5 530.0 680.5 837.5 996.0 123.5 257.0 400.0 545.0 695.5 853.0 1012.0 136.5 271.5 414.5 560.0 710.5 869.0 1028.0 149.5 285.5 428.5 575.0 726.0 885.0 1043.5 162.5 300.0 443.0 590.0 742.0 901.0 1059.5 175.5 314.5 451.0 605.5 758.0 916.5 1075.5 188.5 328.5 471.5 620.5 774.0 932.5 1092.5 201.5 343.0 485.5 635.5 789.5 948.5 1109.0 214.5 357.0 500.0 650.5 805.5 964.5 1126.0 LABORATORY NOTES TABLE V. TABLE FOR THE PHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF SULPHURIC ACID. Depth SO3 Depth SO3 Depth SO3 Depth S03 in Parts per in Parts per in Parts per in Parts per cm. Million. cm. Million. cm. Million. cm. Million. .0 522. 4.0 140. 7.0 81. 10.0 57. .1 478. 4.1 137. 7.1 80. 10.2 56. .2 442. 4.2 133. 7.2 79. 10.4 55. .3 410. 4.3 131. 7.3 78. 10.6 54. .4 383. 4.4 128. 7.4 77. 10.8 53. .5 359. 4.5 125. 7.5 76. 11.0 52. .6 338. 4.6 122. 7.6 75. 11.2 51. .7 319. 4.7 119. 7.7 74. 11.4 50. .8 302. 4.8 117. 7.8 73. 11.6 49. .9 287. 4.9 115. 7.9 72. 11.8 48. 2.0 273. i 5.0 113. 8.0 71. 12.0 47. 2.1 261. 5.1 110. 8.1 70. 12.2 47. 2.2 250. 5.2 108. 8.2 69. 12.4 46. 2.3 239. 5.3 106. 8.3 68. 12.6 45. 2.4 230. 5.4 104. 8.4 68. 12.8 44. 2.5 221. 5.5 103. 8.5 67. 13.0 43. 2.6 213. 5.6 101. 8.6 66. 13.5 42. 2.7 205. 5.7 99. 8.7 65. 14.0 41. 2.8 198. 5.8 97. 8.8 64. 14.5 39. 2.9 191. 5.9 96. 8.9 64. 15.0 38. 3.0 185. 6.0 94. 9.0 63. 15.5 37. 3.1 179. 6.1 93. 9.1 62. 16.0 36. 3.2 173. 6.2 91. 9.2 62. 16.5 35. 3.3 168. 6.3 90. 9.3 61. 17.0 34. 3.4 164. 6.4 88. 9.4 60. 17.5 33. 3.5 159. 6.5 87. 9.5 60. 18.0 32. 3.6 155. 6.6 86. 9.6 59. 18.5 31. 3.7 151. 6.7 84. 9.7 59. 19.0 30. 3.8 147. 6.8 83. 9.8 58. 19.5 29. 3.9 144. 6.9 82. 9.9 57. 20.0 29. LABORATORY NOTES 43 TABLE VI. FOR THE CONVERSION OF PARTS PER 1,000,000 INTO GRAINS PER GALLON, AND VICE VERSA: ALSO, FOR COMPARING DEGREES OF HARDNESS. Degrees of Hardness. Parts in 1,000,000. Grains in U. S. Stan- dard Gallon. Grains in Imperial Gallon. French: Parts CaCO3 in 1,000,000. English: Grains CaCO3 in Imperial Gallon. German: Parts CaO in 1,000,000. 1 .0584 .07 1 .07 0.6 2 .1167 .14 2 .14 1.1 3 .1751 .21 3 .21 1.7 4 .2335 .29 4 .28 2.2 5 .2919 .35 5 .35 2.8 6 .3502 .42 6 .42 3.4 7 .4086 .49 7 .49 3.9 8 .4670 .56 8 .56 4.5 9 .5254 .63 9 .63 5.0 17.131 1 1.1992 14. 1 08. 34.262 2 2.3893 29. 2 16. 51.393 3 3.5975 43. 3 24. 68.524 4 4.7967 67. 4 32. 85.655 5 5.9958 71. 5 40. 102.786 6 7.1950 86. 6 48. 119.917 7 8.3942 100. 7 56. 137.048 8 9.5934 114. 8 64. 154.179 9 10.7925 128. 9 72. 14.286 0.8339 1 1.8 .12 1 28.571 1.6678 2 3.6 .25 2 42.857 2.5017 3 5.4 .38 3 57.143 3.3356 4 7.1 .50 4 71.428 4.1695 5 9.0 .63 5 85.714 5.0033 6 10.7 .75 6 100.000 5.8372 7 12.6 .88 7 114.286 6.6711 8 14.3 1.00 8 128.571 7.5050 9 16.1 1.13 9 44 LABORATORY NOTES TABLE VII. Specific Gravity at 15° C. Per cent Strength. 1^804 (Oil of vitriol) 1.84 100 Sulphuric acid 1 82 90 1.73 80 1.61 70 1.39 50 HC1 (Hydrochloric acid) 1.20 40.7 1.18 36.7 1.12 24.4 1.10 20.8 By weight: Specific Gravity at 20° C. 50 per cent alcohol 914 60 per cent alcohol 892 70 per cent alcohol 868 80 per cent alcohol . 844 90 per cent alcohol . 818 95 per cent alcohol. .805 50 per cent is made from 100 cc. of 95 per cent alcohol + 90 cc. water. 60 per cent is made from 100 cc. of 95 per cent alcohol + 70 cc. water. 50 percent is made from 100 cc. of 90 per cent alcohol + 84.7 cc. water. 60 per cent is made from 100 cc. of 90 per cent alcohol + Ifrrfrcc. water. LABORATORY NOTES 45 TABLE VIII. QUANTITY OF PURE REAGENTS REQUIRED TO REMOVE ONE POUND OF INCRUSTING OR CORROSIVE MATTER FROM THE WATER. Incrusting of Corrosive Substance held in Solution. Amount of Reagent. (Pure.) Foaming Matter Increased. Sulphuric acid . 0 57 Ib lime plus 1 08 Ib soda ash 1 45 Ib Free carbonic acid 1 27 Ib lime None Calcium carbonate 0.36 Ib lime . None Calcium sulphate 0.78 Ib soda ash 1 04 Ib Calcium chloride 0.96 Ib. soda ash 1 05 Ib Calcium nitrate 0 65 Ib soda ash 1 04 Ib Magnesium carbonate 1 33 Ib lime Magnesium sulphate 0 47 Ib lime plus 0 88 Ib Magnesium chloride soda ash 0 59 Ib lime plus 1 11 Ib 1.181b. soda ash . . 1 22 Ib Magnesium nitrate 0 38 Ib lime plus 0 72 Ib Calcium carbonate soda ash 1 71 Ib barium hydrate 1.151b. Magnesium carbonate 4 05 Ib barium hydrate None Magnesium sulphate 1 42 Ib barium hydrate None Calcium sulphate 1.26 Ib. barium hydrate None In precipitating the calcium sulphate, there would be also precipitated 0.74 pound of calcium carbonate or 0.31 pound of magnesium carbonate, the 1.26 pounds barium hydrate per- forming the work of 0.41 pound of lime and 0.78 pound of soda ash; or for reacting either on magnesium or calcium sulphate, 1 pound of barium hydrate, performs the work of 0.33 pound of lime plus 0.62 pound of soda ash, and the lime treatment can be correspondingly reduced. — Report of Committee on Water Service of the American Railway Engineering and Maintenance of Way Association, Eng. Record, April 20, 1907. 46 LABORATORY NOTES TABLE IX. INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC WEIGHTS FOR 1905. (From Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. XXVII, No. 1.) O = 16 H = 1 Aluminum (Al) 27 1 26 9 Barium Calcium ....(Ba).... CCa) 137.4 40 1 136.4 39 7 Carbon (C). 12 00 11 91 Chlorine Chromium ....(01).... . (Cr).. 35.45 52 1 35.18 51 7 Hydrogen . . (H) . . 1 008 1 00 Iodine (I) 126 97 126 01 Iron Lead ....(Fe).... ....(Pb).... 55.9 206.9 55.5 205 35 Magnesium Manganese Nitrogen .... .... ....(Mg)... ....(Mn)... (N) . 24.36 55.0 14 04 24.18 54.6 13 93 Oxygen ..(O) 16 00 15 88 Phosphorus ..(P).. 31 0 30 77 Potassium . . (K) . . 39 15 38 85 Silver (Ag).. 107 93 107 11 Sodium CNa) 23 05 22 88 Sulphur (S) 32 06 31 82 Zinc . (Zn) 65 4 64 9 SCHEME FOR TESTING BOILER SCALE. Drop several small fragments of the boiler scale into dilute (l : 2) muriatic acid. A brisk efferves- cence shows that the scale is largely com- posed of Calcium Carbonate (Limestone). After the action of the acid has nearly ceased, heat the acid and scale. A deep yellow color and further giving off of gas indicates : — IRON CARBONATE. After the action of the acid on the scale has ceased, dilute and pour off some of the clear liquid into another test tube. The residue is the Silica (sand) and the Clayey matter. To the clear liquid add a few drops of Chloride of Barium Solution. A white powder or precipitate indicates Sul- phates. Solution = Soluble Chlorides. CONVENIENT DATA 47 CONVENIENT DATA. 1 boiler horsepower is computed as requiring 30 pounds of water per hour. 1 indicated horsepower requires, in large condensing engines, about If U. S. gallons of water evaporated per hour. 1 indicated horsepower requires, in small non-condensing engines, frequently as much as 7 to 8 gallons of water evapo- rated per hour. 1 pound of coal will evaporate 1 gallon of water in an ordinary boiler. 1000 gallons of water of 143 parts per million CaC03 degrees hardness deposit 1.4 pound scale in a boiler. 48 LABORATORY NOTES SOME USEFUL REFERENCES. Value of Pure Water. By George C. Whipple. Published by John Wiley & Sons. New York. The Filtration of Public Water Supplies. By Allen Hazen. Published by John Wiley & Sons. New York. Report of the Commission on Additional Water Supply for the City of New York, Appendix VI. Water Supply. By William P. Mason. Published by Wiley & Sons. New York. Report of Committee on Standard Methods of Water Analyses, to the Labora- tory Section of the American Public Health Association. (Reprinted ftrom the Journal of Infectious Diseases, Supplement No. 1, May, 1905.) Eng/lllgp^lfeb. 16 and Apr. 20, 1907. 114 Liberty St., New York. Department of Interior, U. S. Geological Survey: Underground Water Papers: Water Supply and Irrigation Paper No. 160, by Myron L. Fuller. (See list of Underground Water papers at the end.) Field Assay of Water, No. 151, by Marshall O. Leighton. (See list of Water Supply and Irrigation papers.) The Corrosion of Iron. By W. R. Whitney. Reprinted from the Journal of the American Chemical Society. Y~e )t &$ fa S ? If* Also by W. H. Walker. YO ? , £ / p. /A $1- Traite de L'Epuration des Eaux Naturelles et Industrielles. By E. Delhotel. Published by Baudry & Cie. — Editeurs. Chemistry 16 — A Course for Engineering Students. By S. W. Parr. Pub- lished by the University of Illinois. Water and Its Purification. By S. Rideal, D.Sc. Published by J. B. Lippin- cott Co. Philadelphia. The Analysis and Softening of Boiler Feed Water. By Wehrenfennig, trans- lated by D. W. Patterson. Published by John Wiley & Sons. New York. Engine Room Chemistry. By Augustus H. Gill. Hill Publishing Co. New York. The Examination of Waters and Water Supplies. J. C. Thresh. H. & A. Churchill, London. U. S. G. S. Bulletin No. 330. Frank Wigglesworth Clarke. U. S. G. S. Series of Water Supply Papers. U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. Office of Public Roads. Bull. No. 30. INDEX. PAGE Action on metals 15 Alkalinity 12 Ammonia 19 Brucine test 8 Calcium carbonate 12 Calcium sulphate 14 Carbon dioxide 7 Chlorine 20 Copper 15 Corrosion 8 Hardness 5, 12, 14, 33 Incrustants 9, 14 Iron 9, 18 Lead 15 Magnesium 12, 13, 14 Metals 17 Nitrates 7 Oxygen consumed 20, 21 Oxygen dissolved 23, 24 Pitting 27 Reagents 33-36 Remedies 26 Standard solutions 29-33 Total solids 9 Turbidimeter 10 Zinc 15 49 SHORT-TITLE CATALOGUE OP THE PUBLICATIONS OF JOHN WILEY & SONS, NEW YORK. LONDON: CHAPMAN & HALL, LIMITED. ARRANGED UNDER SUBJECTS. Descriptive circulars sent on application. Books marked with an asterisk (*) are sold at net prices only. All books are bound in cloth unless otherwise stated. AGRICULTURE— HORTICULTURE— FORESTRY. Armsby's Manual of Cattle-feeding i2mo, $i 75 Principles of Animal Nutrition 8vo, 4 oo Budd and Hansen's American Horticultural Manual: Part I. Propagation, Culture, and Improvement i2mo, i 50 Part II. Systematic Pomology i2mo, i 50 Elliott's Engineering for Land Drainage I2mo, i 50 Practical Farm Drainage i2mo, i oo Graves's Forest Mensuration 8vo, 4 oo Green's Principles of American Forestry i2mo, i 50 Grotenfelt's Principles of Modern Dairy Practice. (Wo 11.) i2mo, 2 oo * Herrick's Denatured or Industrial Alcohol. . 8vo, 4 oo Kemp and Waugh's Landscape Gardening. (New Edition, Rewritten. In Preparation). * McKay and Larsen's Principles and Practice of Butter-making 8vo, 50 Maynard's Landscape Gardening as Applied to Home Decoration I2mo, 50 Quaintance and Scott's Insects and Diseases of Fruits. (In Preparation). Sanderson's Insects Injurious to Staple Crops i2mo, 50 *Schwarz's LongleafPine in Virgin Forests 12010, 25 Stockbridge's Rocks and Soils 8vo, 50 Winton's Microscopy of Vegetable Foods 8vo, 7 50 Woll's Handbook for Farmers and Dairymen i6mo, I 50 ARCHITECTURE. Baldwin's Steam Heating for Buildings I2mo, 2 50 Berg's Buildings and Structures of American Railroads 4to, 5 oo Birkmire's Architectural Iron and Steel 8vo, 3 50 Compound Riveted Girders as Applied in Buildings 8vo, 2 oo Planning and Construction of American Theatres 8vo, 3 oo Planning and Construction of High Office Buildings 8vo, 3 50 Skeleton Construction in Buildings 8vo, 3 oo Briggs's Modern American School Buildings 8vo, 4 oo Byrne's Inspection of Material and Wormanship Employed in Construction. i6mo, 3 oo Carpenter's Heating and Ventilating of Buildings 8vo, 4 oo 1 * CorthelTs Allowable Pressure on Deep Foundations ................ i2mo, i 25 *reitag's Architectural Engineering ................................. 8vo 3 50 Fireproofing of Steel Buildings ................................. 8vo, French and Ives's Stereotomy ...................................... 8vo, Gerhard's Guide to Sanitary House-Inspection ...................... i6mo, * Modern Baths and Bath Houses ................................ 8vo, Sanitation of Public Buildings Theatre Fires and Panics .................................... i2mo, Holley and Ladd's Analysis of Mixed Paints, Color Pigments, and Varnishes Large i2mo, 2 So Johnson's Statics by Algebraic and Graphic Methods ................. :8vo, 2 oo Kellaway 's How to Lay Out Suburban Home Grounds .................... 8vo, 2 oo Kidder's Architects' and Builders' Pocket-book. . - ................ i6mo, mor., 5 oo Maire's Modern Pigments and their Vehicles ....................... i2mo, 2 oo Merrill's Non-metallic Minerals: Their Occurrence and Uses ........... 8vo, 4 oo Stones for Building and Decoration ............................. 8vo, 5 oo Monckton's Stair-building ......................................... 4to, 4 oo Patton's Practical Treatise on Foundations ........................... 8vo, 5 oo Peabody's Naval Architecture ...................................... 8vo, 7 50 Rice's Concrete-block Manufacture ................................ 8vo, 2 oo Richey's Handbook for Superintendents of Construction ......... i6mo, mor., 4 oo * Building Mechanics' Ready Reference Book : * Bmlding Foreman's Pocket Book and Ready .Reference. (In Preparation). * Carpenters' and Woodworkers' Edition ............. i6mo, mor. i 50 * Cement Workers and Plasterer's Edition .......... i6mo, mor. i 50 * Plumbers', Steam -Filters', and Tinners' Edition ..... i6mo, mor. i 50 * Stone- and Brick-masons' Edition ................ i6mo, mor. i 50 Sabin's Industrial and Artistic Technology of Paints and Varnish ........ 8vo, 3 oo Siebert and Biggin's Modern Stone-cutting and Masonry ............... 8vo, i 50 Snow's Principal Species of Wood .................................. 8vo, 3 50 Towne's Locks and Builders' Hardware ....................... i8mo, mor. 3 oo Wait's Engineering and Architectural Jurisprudence .................. 8vo, 6 oo Sheep, 6 50 Law of Contracts ............................................. 8vo, 3 oo Law of Operations Preliminary to Construction in Engineering and Archi- tecture ................................................. 8vo, 5 oo Sheep, 5 50 Wilson's Air Conditioning ....................................... i2mo, i 50 Worcester and Atkinson's Small Hospitals, Establishment and Maintenance, Suggestions for Hospital Architecture, with Plans for a Small Hospital. i2mo, i 25 ARMY AND NAVY. Bernadou's Smokeless Powder, Nitro-cellulose, and the Theory of the Cellulose Molecule i2mo, 2 50 Chase's Art of Pattern Making I2mo, 2 50 Screw Propellers and Marine Propulsion 8vo, 3 oo Cloke's Gunner's Examiner 8vo, i 50 Craig's Azimuth 4to, 3 50 Crehore and Squier's Polarizing Photo-chronograph 8vo, 3 oo * Davis's Elements of Law 8vo, 2 50 * Treatise on the Military Law of United States 8vo, 7 oo Sheep, 7 50 De Brack's Cavalry Outpost Duties. (Cam) 24010, mor. 2 oo * Dudley's Military Law and the Procedure of Courts-martial. . . Large i2mo, 2 50 Durand's Resistance and Propulsion of Ships 8vo, Js oo * Dyer's Handbook of Light Artillery I2mo, 3 OO Eissler's Modern High Explosives 8vo, 4 oo * Fiebeger's Text-book on Field Fortification Large i2mo, 2 oo Hamilton and Bond's The Gunner's Catechism i8mo, i oo * Hoff' s Elementary Naval Tactics 8vo, i 50 Ingalls's Handbook of Problems in Direct Fire 8vo, 4 oo * Lissak's Ordnance and Gunnery 8vo, 6 oo * Ludlow's Logarithmic and Trigonometric Tables 8vo, i oo * Lyons's Treatise on Electromagnetic Phenomena. Vols. I. and II. .8vo, each, 6 oo * Mahan's Permanent Fortifications. (Mercur.) 8vo, half mor. 7 50 Manual for Courts-martial i6mo, mor. i 50 * Mercur's Attack of Fortified Places I2mo, 2 oo * Elements of the Art of War 8vo, 4 oo Metcalf's Cost of Manufactures — And the Administration of Workshops. .8vo, 5 oo * Ordnance and Gunnery. 2 vols Text i2mo, Plates atlas form 5 oo Nixon's Adjutants' Manual 24mo, i oo Peabody's Naval Architecture 8vo, 7 50 * Phelps's Practical Marine Surveying 8vo, 2 50 Powell's Army Officer's Examiner i2mo, 4 oo Sharpe's Art of Subsisting Armies in War i8mo, mor. i 50- * Tupes and Poole's Manual of Bayonet Exercises and Musketry Fencing. 24mo, leather, 50 * Weaver's Military Explosives 8vo, 3 oo Woodhull's Notes on Military Hygiene i6mo, i 50 ASSAYING. Betts's Lead Refining by Electrolysis 8vo, 4 oo Fletcher's Practical Instructions in Quantitative Assaying with the Blowpipe. i6mo, mor. i 50 Furman's Manual of Practical Assaying 8vo, 3 oo Lodge's Notes on Assaying and Metallurgical Laboratory Experiments. . . .8vo, 3 oo Low's Technical Methods of Ore Analysis 8vo, 3 oo Miller's Cyanide Process i2mo, i oo Manual of Assaying i2mo, i oo Minet's Production of Aluminum and its Industrial Use. (Waldo. ) i2mo, 2 50 O'Driscoll's Notes on the Treatment of Gold Ores 8vo, 2 oo Ricketts and Miller's Notes on Assaying 8vo, 3 oo Robine and Lenglen's Cyanide Industry. (Le Clerc.) 8vo, 4 oo Ulke's Modern Electrolytic Copper Refining 8vo, 3 oo Wilson's Chlorination Process i2mo, I 50 Cyanide Processes I2mo, i 50' ASTRONOMY. Comstock's Field Astronomy for Engineers 8vo, 2 50 Craig's Azimuth 4to, 3 50 Crandall's Text-book on Geodesy and Least Squares 8vo, 3 oo Doolittle's Treatise on Practical Astronomy 8vo, 4 oo Gore's Elements of Geodesy 8vo, 2 50 Hayford's Text-book of Geodetic Astronomy 8vo, 3 oo Merriman's Elements of Precise Surveying and Geodesy 8vo, 2 50 * Michie and Harlow's Practical Astronomy 8vo, 3 oo Rust's Ex-meridian Altitude, Azimuth and Star-Finding Tables. (In Press.) * White's Elements of Theoretical and Descriptive Astronomy I2mo, 2 oo 3 CHEMISTRY. Abdcrhaldcn's Physiological Chemistry in Thirty Lectures. (Hall and Defren). (In Press.) * Abegg's Theory of Electrolytic Dissociation, (von Ende.) I2mo, i 25 Adriance's Laboratory Calculations and Specific Gravity Tables lamo, i 25 Alexeyeff's General Principles of Organic Syntheses. (Matthews.) 8vo, 3 oo Allen's Tables for Iron Analysis 8vo, 3 oo Arnold's Compendium of Chemistry. (Mandel.) Large i2mo, 3 50 Association of State and National Food and Dairy Departments, Hartford Meeting, 1906 8vo, 3 oo Jamestown Meeting, 1907 8vo, 3 oo Austen's Notes for Chemical Students izmo, i 50 Baske»-ville's Chemical Elements. (In Preparation). Bernadou's Smokeless Powder. — Nitro-cellulose, and Theory of the Cellulose Molecule i2mo, 2 50 * Blanchard's Synthetic Inorganic Chemistry I2mo, i oo * Browning's Introduction to the Rarer Elements 8vo, i 50 Brush and Penfield's Manual of Determinative Mineralogy 8vo, 4 oo * Claassen's Beet-sugar Manufacture. (Hall and Rolfe.) 8vo, 3 oo Classen's Quantitative Chemical Analysis by Electrolysis. (Boltwood.). .8vo, 3 oo Cohn's Indicators and Test-papers i2mo, 2 oo Tests and Reagents 8vo, 3 oo * Danneel's Electrochemistry. (Merriam.) I2mo, i 25 Duhem's Thermodynamics and Chemistry. (Burgess.) 8vo, 4 oo Eakle's Mineral Tables for the Determination of Minerals by their Physical Properties 8vo, 125 Eissler's Modern High Explosives 8vo, 4 oo Effront's Enzymes and their Applications. (Prescott.) 8vo, 3 oo Erdmann's Introduction to Chemical Preparations. (Dunlap.) I2mo, i 25 * Fischer's Physiology of Alimentation Large I2mo, 2 oo Fletcher's Practical Instructions in Quantitative Assaying with the Blowpipe. I2mo, mor. i 50 Fowler's Sewage Works Analyses i2mo, 2 oo Fresenius's Manual of Qualitative Chemical Analysis. (Wells.) 8vo, 5 oo Manual of Qualitative Chemical Analysis. Part I. Descriptive. (Wells.) 8vo, 3 oo Quantitative Chemical Analysis. (Cohn.) 2 vols 8vo, 12 50 When Sold Separately, VoL I, $6. Vol. II, S8. Fuertes's Water and Public Health i2mo, i 50 Furman's Manual of Practical Assaying 8vo, 3 oo * Getman's Exercises in Physical Chemistry i2mo, 2 oo Gill's Gas and Fuel Analysis for Engineers i2mo, i 25 * Gooch and Browning's Outlines of Qualitative Chemical Analysis. Large i2mo, i 25 Grotenfelt's Principles of Modern Dairy Practice. (Wo 11.) i2mo, 2 oo Groth's Introduction to Chemical Crystallography (Marshall) i2mo, i 25 Hammarsten's Text-book of Physiological Chemistry. (Mandel.) 8vo, 4 oo Hanausek's Microscopy of Technical Products. (Winton.) 8vo, 5 oo * Haskins and Macleod's Organic Chemistry i2mo, 2 oo Helm's Principles of Mathematical Chemistry. (Morgan.) i2mo, i 50 Bering's Ready Reference Tables (Conversion Factors) i6mo, mor. 2 50 * Herrick's Denatured or Industrial Alcohol 8vo, 4 oo Hinds's Inorganic Chemistry 8vo» 3 oo * Laboratory Manual for Students i2mo, i oo * Holleman's Laboratory Manual of Organic Chemistry for Beginners. (Walker.) i2mo, i oo Text-book of Inorganic Chemistry. (Cooper.) 8vo, 2 -50 Text-book of Organic Chemistry. (Walker and Mott.) 8vo, 2 50 Holley and Ladd's Analysis of Mixed Paints, Color Pigments, and Varnishes. Large i2mo 2 50 4 Hopkins's Oil-chemists' Handbook 8vo, 3 oo Iddings's Rock Minerals 8vo, 5 oo Jackson's Directions for Laboratory Work in Physiological Chemistry. .8vo, i 25 Johannsen's Determination of Rock-forming Minerals in Thin Sections.. .8vo, 4 oo Keep's Cast Iron 8vo, 2 50 Ladd's Manual of Quantitative Chemical Analysis i2mo, i oo .Landauer's Spectrum Analysis. (Tingle.) 8vo, 3 oo * Lang\vorthy and Austen's Occurrence of Aluminium in Vegetable Prod- ucts, Animal Products, and Natural Waters 8vo, 2 oo Lassar-Cohn's Application of Some General Reactions to Investigations in Organic Chemistry. (Tingle.) i2mo, i oo Leach's Inspection and Analysis of Food with Special Reference to State Control 8vo, 7 50 Lob's Electrochemistry of Organic Compounds. (Lorenz.) 8vo, 3 oo Lodge's Notes on Assaying and Metallurgical Laboratory Experiments. .. .8vo, 3 oo Low's Technical Method of Ore Analysis 8vo, 3 oo Lunge's Techno-chemical Analysis. (Cohn.) izmo i oo * McKay and Larsen's Principles and Practice of Butter-making 8vo, i 50 Maire's Modern Pigments and their Vehicles i2mo, 2 oo Mandel's Handbook for Bio-chemical Laboratory i2mo, i 50 * Martin's Laboratory Guide to Qualitative Analysis with the Blowpipe. . 12 mo, 60 Mason's Examination of Water. (Chemical and Bacteriological.). . . .i2mo, i 25 Water-supply. (Considered Principally from a Sanitary Standpoint.) 8vo, 4 oo Matthews's The Textile Fibres. 2d Edition, Rewritten 8vo, 4 oo Meyer's Determination of Radicles in Carbon Compounds. (Tingle.). .i2mo, Miller's Cyanide Process i2mo, Manual of Assaying : i2mo, Minet's Production of Aluminum and its Industrial Use. (Waldo.). . . . i2mo, Mixter's Elementary Text-book of Chemistry i2mo, Morgan's Elements of Physical Chemistry i2mo, Outline of the Theory of Solutions and its Results I2mo, * Physical Chemistry for Electrical Engineers I2mo, Morse's Calculations used in Cane-sugar Factories i6mo, mor. oo 00 oo 50 50 oo 00 50 50 * Muir's History of Chemical Theories and Laws 8vo, 4 oo Mulliken's General Method for the Identification of Pure Organic Compounds. Vol. I Large 8vo, 5 oo O'Driscoll's Notes on the Treatment of Gold Ores 8vo, 2 oo Ostwald's Conversations on Chemistry. Part One. (Ramsey.') i2mo, 150 " " " " Part Two. (Turnbull.) i2mo, 200 * Palmer's Practical Test Book of Chemistry i2mo, i oo * Pauli's Physical Chemistry in the Service of Medicine. (Fischer.) . . . . i2mo, i 25 * Penfield's Notes on Determinative Mineralogy and Record of Mineral Tests. 8vo, paper, 50 Tables of Minerals, Including the Use of Minerals and Statistics of Domestic Production 8vo, I oo Pictet's Alkaloids and their Chemical Constitution. (Biddle.) 8vo, 5 oo Poole's Calorific Power of Fuels 8vo, 3 oo Prescott and Winslow's Elements of Water Bacteriology, with Special Refer- ence to Sanitary Water Analysis i2mo, i 50 * Reisig's Guide to Piece-dyeing 8vo, 25 oo Richards and Woodman's Air, Water, and Food from a Sanitary Standpoint.. 8vo, 2 oo Ricketts and Miller's Notes on Assaying 8vo, 3 oo Rideal's Disinfection and the Preservation of Food 8vo, 4 oo Sewage and the Bacterial Purification of Sewage 8vo, 4 oo Riggs's Elementary Manual for the Chemical Laboratory 8vo, i 25 Robine and Lenglen's Cyanide Industry. (Le Clerc.) 8vo, 4 oo Ruddiman's Incompatibilities in Prescriptions 8vo, 2 oo Whys in Pharmacy I2mo, i oo 5 Ruer's Elements of Metallography. (Mathewson). (In Preparation.) Sabin's Industrial and Artistic Technology of Paints and Varnish 8vo, 3 oo Salkowski's Physiological and Pathological Chemistry. (Orndorff.) 8vo, 2 50 Schimpf's Essentials of Volumetric Analysis i2mo, i 25 * Qualitative Chemical Analysis 8vo, i 25 Text-book of Volumetric Analysis i2mo, 2 50 Smith's Lecture Notes on Chemistry for Dental Students 8vo, 2 50 Spencer's Handbook for Cane Sugar Manufacturers i6mo, mor. 3 oo Handbook for Chemists of Beet-sugar Houses i6mo, mor. 3 oo Stockbridge's Rocks and Soils 8vo, 2 50 * Tillman's Descriptive General Chemistry 8vo, 3 oo * Elementary Lessons in Heat 8vo, i 50 Treadwell's Qualitative Analysis. (Hall.) 8vo, 3 oo Quantitative Analysis. (Hall.) 8vo, 4 oo Turneaure and Russell's Public Water-supplies 8vo, 5 oo Van Deventer's Physical Chemistry for Beginners. (Boltwood.) i2mo, i 50 Venable's Methods and Devices for Bacterial Treatment of Sewage 8vo , 3 oo Ward and Whipple's Freshwater Biology. (In Press.) Ware's Beet-sugar Manufacture and Refining. Vol. I Small 8vo, 4 oo " " " " " Vol.11 SmallSvo, 500 Washington's Manual of the Chemical Analysis of Rocks 8vo, 2 oo * Weaver's Military Explosives 8vo, 3 oo Wells's Laboratory Guide in Qualitative Chemical Analysis 8vo, i 50 Short Course in Inorganic Qualitative Chemical Analysis for Engineering Students i2mo, i 50 Text-book of Chemical Arithmetic i2mo, i 25 Whipple's Microscopy of Drinking-water 8vo, 3 50 Wilson's Chlorination Process i2mo i 50 Cyanide Processes i2mo i 50 Winton's Microscopy of Vegetable Foods 8vo 7 50 CIVIL ENGINEERING. BRIDGES AND ROOFS. HYDRAULICS. MATERIALS OF ENGINEER- ING. RAILWAY ENGINEERING. Baker's Engineers' Surveying Instruments 12 mo, 3 oo Bixby's Graphical Computing Table Paper 19^X24! inches. 25 Breed and Hosmer's Principles and Practice of Surveying 8vo, 3 oo * Burr's Ancient and Modern Engineering and the Isthmian Canal 8vo, 3 50 Comstock's Field Astronomy for Engineers 8vo, 2 50 * Corthell's Allowable Pressures on Deep Foundations I2mo, 125 Crandall's Text-book on Geodesy and Least Squares 8vo, 3 oo Davis's Elevation and Stadia Tables 8vo, i oo Elliott's Engineering for Land Drainage i2mo, i 50 Practical Farm Drainage i2mo, i oo *Fiebeger's Treatise on Civil Engineering 8vo, 5 oo Flemer's Phototopographic Methods and Instruments 8vo, 5 oo Folwell's Sewerage. (Designing and Maintenance.) 8vo, 3 oo Freitag's Architectural Engineering 8vo, 3 50 French and Ives's Stereotomy 8vo, Goodhue's Municipal Improvements i2mo, Gore's Elements of Geodesy 8vo» * Hauch and Rice's Tables of Quantities for Preliminary Estimates, I2mo, Hayford's Text-book of Geodetic Astronomy 8vo, Bering's Ready Reference Tables (Conversion Factors) i6mo, mor. Howe's Retaining Walls for Earth "mo, * Ives's Adjustments of the Engineer's Transit and Level i6mo, Bds. 25 Ives and Hilts's Problems in Surveying i6mo, mor. i 50 Johnson's (J. B.) Theory and Practice of Surveying Small 8vo, 4 oo Johnson's (L. J.) Statics by Algebraic and Graphic Methods 8vo, 2 oo Kinnicutt, Winslow and Pratt's Purification of Sewage. (In Preparation). Laplace's Philosophical Essay on Probabilities. (Truscott and Emory.) i2mo, 2 oo Mahan's Descriptive Geometry 8vo, i 50 Treatise on Civil Engineering. (1873.) (Wood.) .8vo, 5 oo Merriman's Elements of Precise Surveying and Geodesy 8vo, 2 50 Merriman and Brooks's Handbook for Surveyors i6mo, mor. 2 oo Morrison's Elements of Highway Engineering. (In Press.) Nugent's Plane Surveying 8vo, 3 50 Ogden's Sewer Design i2mo, 2 oo Parsons's Disposal of Municipal Refuse 8vo, 2 oo Patton's Treatise on Civil Engineering 8vo, half leather, 7 50 Reed's Topographical Drawing and Sketching 4to, 5 oo Rideal's Sewage and the Bacterial Purification of Sewage 8vo, 4 oo Riemer's Shaft-sinking under Difficult Conditions. (Corning and Peele.) . .8vo, 3 oo Siebert and Biggin's Modern Stone-cutting and Masonry 8vo, I 50 Smith's Manual of Topographical Drawing. (McMillan.) 8vo, 2 50 Soper's Air and Ventilation of Subways. (In Press.) Tracy's Plane Surveying 16mo, mor. 3 oo * Trautwine's Civil Engineer's Pocket-book i6mo, mor. 5 oo Venable's Garbage Crematories in America 8vo, 2 oo Methods and Devices for Bacterial Treatment of Sewage 8vo, 3 oo Wait's Engineering and Architectural Jurisprudence 8vo, 6 oo Sheep, 6 50 Law of Contracts 8vo, 3 oo Law of Operations Preliminary to Construction in Engineering and Archi- tecture 8vo, 5 oo Sheep, 5 50 Warren's Stereotomy — Problems in Stone-cutting 8vo, 2 50 * Waterbury's Vest-Pocket Hand-book of Mathematics for Engineers. 2! X 5« inches, mor. i oo Webb's Problems in the Use and Adjustment of Engineering Instruments. i6mo, mor. i 25 Wilson's Topographic Surveying 8vo, 3 50 BRIDGES AND ROOFS. Boiler's Practical Treatise on the Construction of Iron Highway Bridges. .8vo, 2 oo Burr and Falk's Design and Construction of Metallic Bridges 8vo, 5 oo Influence Lines for Bridge and Roof Computations 8vo, 3 oo Du Bois's Mechanics of Engineering. Vol. II Small 4to, 10 oo Foster's Treatise on Wooden Trestle Bridges 4to, 5 oo Fowler's Ordinary Foundations 8vo, 3 50 French and Ives's Stereotomy 8vo, Greene's Arches in Wood, Iron, and Stone. 8vo, Bridge Trusses 8vo, Roof Trusses. „ 8vo, Grimm's Secondary Stresses in Bridge Trusses 8vo, Heller's Stresses in Structures and the Accompanyin Deformations 8vo, Howe's Design of Simple Roof-trusses in Wood and Steel 8vo, 2 oo Symmetrical Masonry Arches 8vo, 2 50 Treatise on Arches 8vo, 4 oo Johnson, Bryan, and Turneaure's Theory and Practice in the Designing of Modern Framed Structures Small 4:0, 10 oo 7 Merriman and Jacoby's Text-book on Roofs and Bridges : Part I. Stresses in Simple Trusses 8vo, 2 50 Part II. Graphic Statics 8vo, 2 50 Part III. Bridge Design 8vo, 2 50 Part IV. Higher Structures 8vo, 2 50 Morison's Memphis Bridge Oblong 4to, 10 oo Sondericker's Graphic Statics, with Applications to Trusses, Beams, and Arches. 8vo, 2 oo Waddell's De Pontibus, Pocket-book for Bridge Engineers i6mo, mor, 2 oo * Specifications for Steel Bridges i2mo, 50 Waddell and Harrington's Bridge Engineering. (In Preparation.) Wright's Designing of Draw-spans. Two parts in one volume 8vo, 3 50 HYDRAULICS. Barnes's Ice Formation 8vo, 3 oo Bazin's Experiments upon the Contraction of the Liquid Vein Issuing from an Orifice. (Trautwine.) 8vo, 2 oo Bovey's Treatise on Hydraulics 8vo, 5 oo Church's Diagrams of Mean Velocity of Water in Open Channels. Oblong 4to, paper, i 50 Hydraulic Motors 8vo, 2 oo Mechanics of Engineering 8vo, 6 oo Coffin's Graphical Solution of Hydraulic Problems i6mo, morocco, 2 50 Flather's Dynamometers, and the Measurement of Power i2mo, 3 oo Folwell's Water-supply Engineering 8vo, 4 oo FrizelTs Water-power 8vo, 5 oo Fuertes's Water and Public Health i2mo, i 50 Water-filtration Works I2mo, 2 50 Ganguillet and Kutter's General Formula for the Uniform Flow of Water in Rivers and Other Channels. (Hering and Trautwine.) 8vo, 4 oo Hazen's Clean Water and How to Get It Large I2mo, i 5o Filtration of Public Water-supplies 8vo, 3 oo Hazlehurst's Towers and Tanks for Water- works 8vo, 2 50 Herschel's 115 Experiments on the Carrying Capacity of Large, Riveted, Metal Conduits 8vo, 2 oo Hoyt and Grover's River Discharge 8vo, 2 oo Hubbard and Kiersted's Water- works Management and Maintenance 8vo, 4 oo * Lyndon's Development and Electrical Distribution of Water Power. . . .8vo, 3 oo Mason's Water-supply. (Considered Principally from a Sanitary Standpoint.) 8vo, 4 oo Merriman's Treatise on Hydraulics 8vo, 5 oo * Michie's Elements of Analytical Mechanics 8vo, 4 oo Mo liter's Hydraulics of Rivers, Weirs and Sluices. (In Press.) Schuyler's Reservoirs for Irrigation, Water-power, and Domestic Water- supply Large 8vo, 5 oo * Thomas and Watt's Improvement of Rivers 4to, 6 oo Turneaure and Russell's Public Water-supplies 8vo, 5 oo Wegmann's Design and Construction of Dams. 5th Ed., enlarged 4to, 6 oo Water-supply of the City of New York from 1658 to 1895 4to, 10 oo Whipple's Value of Pure Water Large i2mo, i oo Williams and Hazen's Hydraulic Tables 8vo, i 50 Wilson's Irrigation Engineering Small 8vo, 4 oo Wolff's Windmill as a Prime Mover 8vo, 3 oo Wood's Elements of Analytical Mechanics 8vo, 3 oo Turbines 8vo, 2 50 8 MATERIALS OF ENGINEERING. Baker's Roads and Pavements 8vo, 5 oo Treatise on Masonry Construction 8vo, 5 oo Birkmire's Architectural Iron and Steel 8vo, 3 50 Compound Riveted Girders as Applied in Buildings 8vo, 2 oo Black's United States Public Works Oblong 4to, 5 oo Bleininger's Manufacture of Hydraulic Cement. (In Preparation.) * Bovey's Strength of Materials and Theory of Structures 8vo, 7 50 Burr's Elasticity and Resistance of the Materials of Engineering 8vo, 7 50 Byrne's Highway Construction 8vo, 5 oo Inspection of the Materials and Workmanship Employed in Construction. i6mo, 3 oo Church's Mechanics of Engineering 8vo, 6 oo Du Bois's Mechanics of Engineering. Vol. I. Kinematics, Statics, Kinetics Small 4to, 7 50 Vol. II. The Stresses in Framed Structures, Strength of Materials and Theory of Flexures Small 4to, 10 oo *Eckel's Cements, Limes, and Plasters 8vo, 6 oo Stone and Clay Products used in Engineering. (In Preparation.) Fowler's Ordinary Foundations 8vo, 3 50 Graves's Forest Mensuration 8vo, 4 oo Green's Principles of American Forestry i2mo, i 50 * Greene's Structural Mechanics 8vo, 2 50 Holly and Ladd's Analysis of Mixed Paints, Color Pigments and Varnishes Large i2mo, 2 50 Johnson's Materials of Construction Large 8vo, 6 oo Keep's Cast Iron 8vo, 2 50 Kidder's Architects and Builders' Pocket-book i6mo, 5 oo Lanza's Applied Mechanics 8vo, 7 50 Maire's Modern Pigments and their Vehicles i2mo, 2 oo Martens's Handbook on Testing Materials. (Henning.) 2 vols 8vo, 7 50 Maurer's Technical Mechanics 8vo, 4 oo Merrill's Stones for Building and Decoration 8vo, 5 oo Merriman's Mechanics of Materials 8vo, 5 oo * Strength of Materials i2mo, i oo Metcalf's Steel. A Manual for Steel-users i2mo, 2 oo Patton's Practical Treatise on Foundations 8vo, 5 oo Rice's Concrete Block Manufacture 8vo, 2 oo Richardson's Modern Asphalt Pavements 8vo, 3 oo Richey's Handbook for Superintendents of Construction i6mo, mor., 4 oo * Ries's Clays: Their Occurrence, Properties, and Uses 8vo, 5 oo Sabin's Industrial and Artistic Technology of Paints an-i Varnish 8vo, 3 oo *Schwarz'sLongleafPinein Virgin Forest ., izmo, i 25 Snow's Principal Species of Wood 8vo, 3 5<> Spalding's Hydraulic Cement "mo, 2 oo Text-book on Roads and Pavements i2mo, 2 oo Taylor and Thompson's Treatise on Concrete, Plain and Reinforced 8vo, 5 oo Thurston's Materials of Engineering. In Three Parts 8vo, 8 oo Part I. Non-metallic Materials of Engineering and Metallurgy 8vo, 2 oo Part II. Iron and Steel 8vo» 3 5<> Part III. A Treatise on Brasses, Bronzes, and Other Alloys and their Constituents 8vo« 2 5<> Tillson's Street Pavements and Paving Materials 8vo, 4 oo Turneaure and Maurer's Principles of Reinforced Concrete Construction.. -8vo, 3 oo Wood's (De V.) Treatise on the Resistance of Materials, and an Appendix on the Preservation of Timber 8vo, 2 oo Wood's (M. P.) Rustless Coatings: Corrosion and Electrolysis of Iron and Steel 8vo» 4 oo 9 RAILWAY ENGINEERING. Andrews's Handbook for Street Railway Engineers 3x5 inches, mor. i 25 Berg's Buildings and Structures of American Railroads 410, 5 oo Brooks's Handbook of Street Railroad Location i6mo, mor. i 50 Butt's Civil Engineer's Field-book i6mo, mor. 2 50 CrandalTs Railway and Other Earthwork Tables 8vo, i 50 Transition Curve i6mo, mor. i 50 * Crockett's Methods for Earthwork Computations.. 8vo, i 50 Dawson's "Engineering" and Electric Traction Pocket-book i6mo, mor. 5 oo Dredge's History of the Pennsylvania Railroad: (1879) Paper, 5 oo Fisher's Table of Cubic Yards Cardboard, 25 Godwin's Railroad Engineers' Field-book and Explorers' Guide. . . i6mo, mor. 2 50 Hudson's Tables for Calculating the Cubic Contents of Excavations and Em- bankments 8vo, i oo Ives and Hilts's Problems in Surveying, Railroad Surveying and Geodesy i6mo, mor. i 50 Molitor and Beard's Manual for Resident Engineers i6§no, i oo Nagle's Field Manual for Railroad Engineers i6mo, mor. 3 oo Philbrick's Field Manual for Engineers i6mo, mor. 3 oo Raymond's Railroad Engineering. 3 volumes. Vol. I. Railroad Field Geometry. (In Preparation.) Vol. II. Elements of Railroad Engineering 8vo, 3 50 Vol. III. Railroad Engineer's Field Book. (In Preparation.) Searles's Field Engineering i6mo, mor. 3 oo Railroad Spiral i6mo, mor. i 50 Taylor's Prismoidal Formulae and Earthwork 8vo, i 50 *Trautwine's Field Practice of Laying Out Circular Curves for Railroads. i2mo. mor, 2 50 * Method of Calculating the Cubic Contents of Excavations and Embank- ments by the Aid of Diagrams 8vo, 2 oo Webb's Economics of Railroad Construction Large i2mo, 2 50 Railroad Construction i6mo, mor. 5 oo Wellington's Economic Theory of the Location of Railways Small 8vo, 5 oo DRAWING. Barr's Kinematics of Machinery 8vo, 2 50 * Bartlett's Mechanical Drawing 8vo, 3 oo * " " " Abridged Ed 8vo, 150 Coolidge's Manual of Drawing 8vo, paper, i oo Coolidge and Freeman's Elements of General Drafting for Mechanical Engi- neers Oblong 4to, 2 50 Durley's Kinematics of Machines 8vo, 4 oo Emch's Introduction to Projective Geometry and its Applications 8vo, 2 50 Hill's Text-book on Shades and Shadows, and Perspective 8vo, 2 oo Jamison's Advanced Mechanical Drawing 8vo, 2 oo Elements of Mechanical Drawing < 8vo, 2 50 Jones's Machine Design: Part I. Kinematics of Machinery 8vo, i 50 Part II. Form, Strength, and Proportions of Parts 8vo, 3 oo MacCord's Elements of Descriptive Geometry 8vo, 3 oc Kinematics; or, Practical Mechanism 8vo, 5 oo Mechanical Drawing 4to, 4 oo Velocity Diagrams 8vo, i 50 McLeod's Descriptive Geometry Large i2mo, i 50 * Mahan's Descriptive Geometry and Stone-cutting 8vo, i 50 Industrial Drawing. (Thompson.) 8vo, 3 50 10 Moyer's Descriptive Geometry 8vo, 2 oo Reed's Topographical Drawing and Sketching 4to, 5 oo Reid's Course in Mechanical Drawing 8vo, 2 oo Text-book of Mechanical Drawing and Elementary Machine Design. 8vo, 3 oo Robinson's Principles of Mechanism 8vo, 3 oo Schwamb and Merrill's Elements of Mechanism 8vo, 3 oo Smith's (R. S.) Manual of Topographical Drawing. (McMillan.) 8vo, 2 50 Smith (A. W.) and Marx's Machine Design 8vo, 3 oo * Titsworth's Elements of Mechanical Drawing Oblong 8vo, i 25 Warren's Drafting Instruments and Operations i2mo, i 25 Elements of Descriptive Geometry, Shadows, and Perspective 8vo, 3 50 Elements of Machine Construction and Drawing 8vo, 7 50 Elements of Plane and Solid Free-hand Geometrical Drawing. . . . i . 2mo, i oo General Problems of Shades and Shadows 8vo, 3 oo Manual of Elementary Problems in the Linear Perspective of Form and Shadow i2mo, i oo Manual of Elementary Projection Drawing I2mo, i 50 Plane Problems in Elementary Geometry I2mo, i 25 Problems, Theorems, and Examples in Descriptive Geometry 8vo, 2 50 Weisbach's Kinematics and Power of Transmission. (Hermann and Klein.) 8vo, 5 oo Wilson's (H. M.) Topographic Surveying 8vo, 3 50 Wilson's (V. T.) Free-hand Lettering 8vo, i oo Free-hand Perspective 8vo, 2 50 Woolf's Elementary Course in Descriptive Geometry Large 8vo, 3 oo ELECTRICITY AND PHYSICS. * Abegg's Theory of Electrolytic Dissociation, (von Ende.) i2mo, i 25 Andrews's Hand-Book for Street Railway Engineering, ... .3X5 inches, mor., i 25 Anthony and Brackett's Text-book of Physics. (Magie.) Large i2mo, 3 oo Anthony's Lecture-notes on the Theory of Electrical Measurements. . . . i2mo, i oo Benjamin's History of Electricity 8vo, 3 oo Voltaic Cell 8vo, 3 oo Betts's Lead Refining and Electrolysis 8vo, 4 oo Classen's Quantitative Chemical Analysis by Electrolysis. (Boltwood.).8vo, 3 oo * Collins's Manual of Wireless Telegraphy i2mo, i 50 Mor. 2 oo Crehore and Squier's Polarizing Photo-chronograph 8vo, 3 oo * Danneel's Electrochemistry. (Merriam.) i2mo, i 25 Dawson's "Engineering" and Electric Traction Pocket-book i6mo, mor 5 oo Dolezalek's Theory of the Lead Accumulator (Storage Battery), (von Ende.) i2mo, 2 50 Duhem's Thermodynamics and Chemistry. (Burgess.) 8vo, 4 oo Flather's Dynamometers, and the Measurement of Power i2mo, 3 oo Gilbert's De Magnete. (Mottelay.) 8vo, 2 50 * Hanchett's Alternating Currents I2mo, i oo Bering's Ready Reference Tables (Conversion Factors) i6mo, mor. 2 50 Hobart and Ellis 's High-speed Dynamo Electric Machinery. (In Press.) Holman's Precision of Measurements 8vo, 2 oo Telescopic Mirror-scale Method, Adjustments, and Tests Large 8vo, 75 * Karapetoff 's Experimental Electrical Engineering 8vo, 6 oo Kinzbrunner's Testing of Continuous-current Machines 8vo, 2 oo Landauer's Spectrum Analysis. (Tingle.) 8vo, 3 oo Le Chatelier's High- temperature Measurements. (Boudouard — Burgess.) i2mo, 3 oo Lob's Electrochemistry of Organic Compounds. (Lorenz.) 8vo, 3 oo * Lyndon's Development and Electrical Distribution of Water Power . . . .8vo, 3 oo * Lyons's Treatise on Electromagnetic Phenomena. Vols. I. and II. 8vo, each, 6 oo * Michie's Elements of Wave Motion Relating to Sound and Light 8vo, 4 oo 11 Morgan's Outline of the Theory of Solution and its Results i2mo, i oo * Physical Chemistry for Electrical Engineers i2mo, i 50 Niaudet's Elementary Treatise on Electric Batteries. (Fishback). . . . I2mo, 2 50 * Norris's Introduction to the Study of Electrical Engineering 8vo, 2 50 * Parshall and Hobart's Electric Machine Design 4to, half morocco, 12 50 Reagan's Locomotives: Simple, Compound, and Electric. New Edition. Large 12 mo, 3 50 * Rosenberg's Electrical Engineering. (Haldane Gee — Kinzbrunner.). . .8vo, 2 oo Ryan, Norris, and Hoxie's Electrical Mgchinery. Vol. 1 8vo, 2 50 Swapper's Laboratory Guide for Students in Physical Chemistry i2mo, i oo Thurston's Stationary Steam-engines 8vo, 2 50 * Tillman's Elementary Lessons in Heat 8vo, i 50 Tory and Pitcher's Manual of Laboratory Physics Large i2mo, 2 oo Ulke's Modern Electrolytic Copper Refining 8vo, 3 oo LAW. * Davis's Elements of Law 8vo, 2 50 * Treatise on the Military Law of United States 8vo, 7 oo * Sheep, 7 50 * Dudley's Military Law and the Procedure of Courts-martial .... Large i2mo, 2 50 Manual for Courts-martial i6mo, mor. i 50 Wait's Engineering and Architectural Jurisprudence 8vo, 6 oo Sheep, 6 50 Law of Contracts 8vo, 3 oo Law of Operations Preliminary to Construction in Engineering and Archi- tecture , 8vo 5 oo Sheep, 5 50 MATHEMATICS. Baker's Elliptic Functions 8vo, Briggs's Elements of Plane Analytic Geometry. (Bocher) i2mo, * Buchanan's Plane and Spherical Trigonometry 8vo, Byerley's Harmonic Functions 8vo, Chandler's Elements of the Infinitesimal Calculus i2mo, Compton's Manual of Logarithmic Computations i2mo, Davis's Introduction to the Logic of Algebra 8vo, * Dickson's College Algebra Large i2mo, * Introduction to the Theory of Algebraic Equations Large i2mo, Emch's Introduction to Projective Geometry and its Applications 8vo, Fiske's Functions of a Complex Variable 8vo, Halsted's Elementary Synthetic Geometry 8vo, Elements of Geometry 8vo, * Rational Geometry I2mo, Hyde's Grassmann's Space Analysis 8vo, * Jonnson's (J- B.) Three-place Logarithmic Tables: Vest-pocket size, paper, 15 100 copies, 5 oo * Mounted on heavy cardboard, 8 X 10 inches, 25 10 copies, 2 oo Johnson's (W. W.) Abridged Editions ot Differential and Integral Calculus Large i2mo, i vol. 2 50 Curve Tracing in Cartesian Co-ordinates i2mo, i oo Differential Equations 8vo, i oo Elementary Treatise on Differential Calculus. (In Press.) Elementary Treatise on the Integral Calculus Large I2mo, i 50 * Theoretical Mechanics 12010, 3 oo Theory of Errors and the Method of Least Squares i2mo, i 50 Treatise on Differential Calculus Large 1 2mo, 3 oo Treatise on the Integral Calculus Large i2mo, 3 oo Treatise on Ordinary and Partial Differential Equations. . Large 12 mo, 3 50 12 iaplace's Philosophical Essay on Probabilities. (Truscott and Emory.). i2mo, 2 oo * Ludlow and Bass's Elements of Trigonometry and Logarithmic and Other Tables 8vo, 3 oo Trigonometry and Tables published separately Each, 2 oo * Ludlow's Logarithmic and Trigonometric Tables 8vo, i oo Macfarlane's Vector Analysis and Quaternions 8vo, i oo McMahon's Hyperbolic Functions 8vo, i oo Manning's IrrationalNumbers and their Representation bySequences and Series i2mo, i 25 Mathematical Monographs. Edited by Mansfield Merriman and Robert S. Woodward Octavo, each i oo No. i. History of Modern Mathematics, by David Eugene Smith. No. 2. Synthetic Projective Geometry, by George Bruce Halsted. No. 3. Determinants, by Laenas Gifford Weld. No. 4. Hyper- bolic Functions, by James McMahon. Ko. S- Harmonic Func- tions, by William E. Byerly. No. 6. Grassmann's Space Analysis, by Edward W. Hyde. No. 7. Probability and Theory of Errors, by Robert S. Woodward. No. 8. Vector Analysis and Quaternions, by Alexander Macfarlane. No. 9. Differential Equations, by William Woolsey Johnson. No. 10. The Solution of Equations, by Mansfield Merriman. No. n. Functions of a Complex Variable, by Thomas S. Fiske. Maurer's Technical Mechanics 8vo, 4 oo Merif man's Method of Least Squares 8vo, 2 oo Solution of Equations 8vo, i oo Rice and Johnson's Differential and Integral Calculus. 2 vols. in one. Large i2mo, i 50 Elementary Treatise on the Differential Calculus Large i2mo, 3 oo Smith's History of Modern Mathematics 8vo, i oo * Veblen and Lennes's Introduction to the Real Infinitesimal Analysis of One Variable 8vo, 2 oo * Waterbury's Vest Pocket Hand-Book of Mathematics for Engineers. 2$X5t inches, mor., I oo Weld's Determinations 8vo, i oo Wood's Elements of Co-ordinate Geometry 8vo, 2 oo Woodward's Probability and Theory of Errors 8vo, i oo MECHANICAL ENGINEERING. MATERIALS OF ENGINEERING, STEAM-ENGINES AND BOILERS. Bacon's Forge Practice i2mo, i 50 Baldwin's Steam Heating for Buildings i2mo, 2 50 Bair's Kinematics of Machinery 8vo, 2 50 * Bartlett's Mechanical Drawing 8vo, 3 oo * " " " Abridged Ed 8vo, 150 Benjamin's Wrinkles and Recipes i2mo, 2 oo * Burr's Ancient and Modern Engineering and the Isthmian Canal 8vo, 3 50 Carpenter's Experimental Engineering 8vo, 6 oo Heating and Ventilating Buildings 8vo, 4 oo Clerk's Gas and Oil Engine Large i2mo, 4 oo Compton's First Lessons in Metal Working I2mo, i 50 Compton and De Groodt's Speed Lathe I2mo, i 50 Coolidge's Manual of Drawing 8vo, paper, i oo Coolidge and Freeman's Elements of General Drafting for Mechanical En- gineers Oblong 4to, 2 50 Cromwell's Treatise on Belts and Pulleys i2mo, i 50 Treatise on Toothed Gearing I2mo, i 50 Durley's Kinematics of Machines 8vo, 4 oo 13 Flather's Dynamometers and the Measurement of Power i2mo, 3 oo Rope Driving 12010, 2 o° Gill's Gas and Fuel Analysis for Engineers i2mo, i 25 Goss'r; Locomotive Sparks 8vo, 2 oo Hall's Car Lubrication i2mo, i oo Bering's Ready Reference Tables (Conversion Factors) i6mo, mor., 2 50 Hobart and Eliis's High Speed Dynamo Electric Machinery. (In Press.) Button's Gas Engine 8vo, 5 oo Jamison's Advanced Mechanical Drawing 8vo, 2 oo Elements of Mechanical Drawing 8vo, 2 50 Jones's Machine Design: Part I. Kinematics of Machinery 8vo, i 50 Part II. Form, Strength, and Proportions of Parts 8vo, 3 oo Kent's Mechanical Engineers' Pocket-book i6mo, mor., 5 oo Kerr's Power and Power Transmission 8vo, 2 oo Leonard's Machine Shop Tools and Methods} 8vo, 4 oo * Lorenz's Modern Refrigerating Machinery. (Pope, Haven, and Dean.) . .8vo, 4 oo MacCord's Kinematics; or, Practical Mechanism. 8vo, 5 oo Mechanical Drawing 4to, 4 oo Velocity Diagrams 8vo, i 50 MacFarland's Standard Reduction Factors for Gases 8vo, i 50 Mahan's Industrial Drawing. (Thompson.) 8vo, 3 50 * Parshall and Hobart's Electric Machine Design . . . .Small 4to, half leather, 12 50 Peele's Compressed Air Plant for Mines. (In Press.) Poole's Calorific Power of Fuels 8vo, 3 oo * Porter's Engineering Reminiscences, 1855 to 1882 , 8vo, 3 oo Reid's Course in Mechanical Drawing 8vo, 2 oo Text-book of Mechanical Drawing and Elementary Machine Design. 8vo, 3 oo Richard's Compressed Air i2mo, i 50 Robinson's Principles of Mechanism 8vo, 3 oo Schwamb and Merrill's Elements of Mechanism 8vo, 3 oo Smith's (O.) Press- working of Metals 8vo, 3 oo Smith (A. W.) and Marx's Machine Design 8vo, 3 oo Sorel's Carbureting and Combustion in Alcohol Engines. (Woodward and Preston.) Large i2mo, 3 oo Thurston's Animal as a Machine and Prime Motor, and the Laws of Energetics. I2mo3 i oo Treatise on Friction and Lost Work in Machinery and Mill Work... 8vo3 3 oo Tillson's Complete Automobile Instructor i6mo, i 50 mor., a oo * Titsworth's Elements of Mechanical Drawing Oblong 8vo, i 25 Warren's Elements of Machine Construction and Drawing 8vo, 7 50 * Waterbury's Vest Pocket Hand Book of Mathematics for Engineers. 2! X 5 1 inches, mor., i Oo Weisbach's Kinematics and the Power of Transmission. (Herrmann — Klein.) 8vo, 5 oo Machinery of Transmission and Governors. (Herrmann — Klein.). .3vo, 5 oo Wolff's Windmill as a Prime Mover 8vo, 3 oo Wood's Turbines 8vo, 2 50 MATERIALS OF ENGINEERING. * Bovey's Strength of Materials and Theory of Structures 8vo, 7 50 Burr's Elasticity and Resistance of the Materials of Engineering 8vo, 7 50 Church's Mechanics of Engineering 8vo, 6 oo * Greene's Structural Mechanics 8vo, 2 50 Holley and Ladd's Analysis of Mixed Paints, Color Pigments, and Varnishes. Large i2jno, 2 50 Johnson's Materials of Construction 8vo, 6 oo Keep's Cast Iron 8vo, a 50 Lanza's Applie4 Mechanics 8vo, 7 50 14 Maire's Modern Pigments and their Vehicles i2mo, 2 oo Martens's Handbook on Testing Materials. (Henning.) 8vo, 7 50 Maurer's Technical Mechanics 8vo, 4 oo Merriman's Mechanics of Materials 8vo, 5 oo * Strength of Materials i2mo, i oo Metcalf's Steel. A Manual for Steel-users i2mo, 2 oo Sabin's Industrial and Artistic Technology of Paints and Varnish 8vo, 3 oo Smith's Materials of Machines i2mo, i oo Thurston's Materials of Engineering 3 vols., 8vo, 8 oo Part I. Non-metallic Materials of Engineering, see Civil Engineering, page 9. Part II. Iron and Steel 8vo, 3 50 Part III. A Treatise on Brasses, Bronzes, and Other Alloys and their Constituents 8vo, 2 50 Wood's (De V.) Elements of Analytical Mechanics 8vo, 3 oo Treatise on the Resistance of Materials and an Appendix on the Preservation of Timber 8vo, 2 oo Wood's (M. P.) Rustless Coatings: Corrosion and Electrolysis of Iron and Steel 8vo, 4 oo STEAM-ENGINES AND BOILERS. Berry's Temperature-entropy Diagram I2mo, i 25 Carnot's Reflections on the Motive Power of Heat. (Thurston.) i2mo, i 50 Chase's Art of Pattern Making i2mo, 2 50 Creighton's Steam-engine and other Heat-motors 8vo, 5 oo Dawson's "Engineering" and Electric Traction Pocket-book i6mo, mor., 5 oo Ford's Boiler Making for Boiler Makers i8mo, i oo Goss's Locomotive Performance 8vo, 5 oo Hemenway's Indicator Practice and Steam-engine Economy i2mo, 2 oo Button's Heat and Heat-engines 8vo, 5 oo Mechanical Engineering of Power Plants 8vo, 5 oo Kent's Steam boiler Economy. 8vo, 4 oo Kneass's Practice and Theory of the Injector 8vo, i 50 MacCord's Slide-valves 8vo, 2 oo Meyer's Modern Locomotive Construction 4to, 10 oo Moyer's Steam Turbines. (In Press.) Peabody's Manual of the Steam-engine Indicator i2mo. i 50 Tables of the Properties of Saturated Steam and Other Vapors 8vo, i oo Thermodynamics of the Steam-engine and Other Heat-engines 8vo, 5 oo Valve-gears for Steam-engines 8vo, 2 50 Peabody and Miller's Steam-boilers 8vo, 4 oo Pray's Twenty Years with the Indicator Large 8vo, 2 50 Pupin's Thermodynamics of Reversible Cycles in Gases and Saturated Vapors. (Osterberg.) I2mo, i 2g Reagan's Locomotives: Simple, Compound, and Electric. New Edition. Large 12 mo, 3 50 Sinclair's Locomotive Engine Running and Management i2mo, 2 oo Smart's Handbook of Engineering Laboratory Practice i2mo, 2 50 Snow's Steam-boiler Practice 8vo, 3 oo Spangler's Notes on Thermodynamics i2mo, i oo Valve-gears 8vo, 2 50 Spangler, Greene, and Marshall's Elements of Steam-engineering 8vo, 3 oo Thomas's Steam-turbines 8vo, 4 oo Thurston's Handbook of Engine and Boiler Trials, and the Use of the Indi- cator and the Prony Brake 8vo, 5 oo Handy Tables 8vo, i 50 Manual of Steam-boilers, their Designs, Construction, and Operation..8vo, 5 oo 15 Thurston's Manual of the Steam-engine 2 vols., 8vo, 10 oo Part I. History, Structure, and Theory 8vo, 6 oo Part II. Design, Construction, and Operation 8vo, 6 oo Stationary Steam-engines 8vo, 2 50 Steam-boiler Explosions in Theory and in Practice 12mo, i 50 Wehrenfenning's Analysis and Softening of Boiler Feed-water (Patterson) 8vo, 4 oo Weisbach's Heat, Steam, and Steam-engines. (Du Bois.) 8vo, 5 oo Whitham's Steam-engine Design 8vo, 5 oo Wood's Thermodynamics, Heat Motors, and Refrigerating Machines. . .8vo, 4 oo MECHANICS PURE AND APPLIED. Church's Mechanics of Engineering 8vo, 6 oo ' Notes and Examples in Mechanics 8vo, 2 oo Dana's Text-book of Elementary Mechanics for Colleges and Schools. .i2mo, i 50 Du Bois's Elementary Principles of Mechanics: Vol. I. Kinematics 8vo, 3 50 Vol. II. Statics 8vo, 4 oo Mechanics of Engineering. Vol. I Small 4to, 7 50 Vol. II Small 4to, 10 oo * Greene's Structural Mechanics 8vo, 2 50 James's Kinematics of a Point and the Rational Mechanics of a Particle. Large 12mo, 2 oo * Johnson's (W. W.) Theoretical Mechanics 12mo, 3 oo Lanza's Applied Mechanics 8vo, 7 50 * Martin's Text Book on Mechanics, Vol. I, Statics 12mo, i 25 * Vol. 2, Kinematics and Kinetics . .I2mo, 1 50 Maurer's Technical Mechanics 8vo, 4 oo * Merriman's Elements of Mechanics 12mo, i oo Mechanics of Materials 8vo, 5 oo * Michie's Elements of Analytical Mechanics 8vo, 4 oo Robinson's Principles of Mechanism 8vo, 3 oo Sanborn's Mechanics Problems Large I2mo, i 50 Schwamb and Merrill's Elements of Mechanism 8vo, 3 oo Wood's Elements of Analytical Mechanics 8vo, 3 oo Principles of Elementary Mechanics 12mo, I 25 MEDICAL. Abderhalden's Physiological Chemistry in Thirty Lectures. (Hall and Defren). (In Press), von Behring's Suppression of Tuberculosis. (Bolduan.) i2mo, i oo * Bolduan's Immune Sera i2mo, i 50 Davenport's Statistical Methods with Special Reference to Biological Varia- tions i6mo, mor., i 50 Ehrlich's Collected Studies on Immunity. (Bolduan.) 8vo, 6 oo * Fischer's Physiology of Alimentation Large i2mo, cloth, 2 oo de Fursac's Manual of Psychiatry. (Rosanoff and Collins.) Large i2mo, 2 50 Hammarsten's Text-book on Physiological Chemistry. (Mandel.) 8vo, 4 oo Jackson's Directions for Laboratory Work in Physiological Chemistry. ..8vo, i 25 Lassar-Cohn's Practical Urinary Analysis. (Lorenz.) i2mo, i oo Mandel's Hand Book for the Bio-Chemical Laboratory i2mo, i 50 * Pauli's Physical Chemistry in the Service of Medicine. (Fischer.). .. .I2mo, i 25 * Pozzi-Escot's Toxins and Venoms and their Antibodies. (Cohn.) i2mo, i oo Rostoski's Serum Diagnosis. (Bolduan.) i2mo, i oo Ruddiman's Incompatibilities in Prescriptions 8vo, 2 oo Whys in Pharmacy i2mo, i oo Salkowski's Physiological and Pathological Chemistry. (Orndorff.) 8vo, 2 50 * Satterlee's Outlines of Human Embryology I2mo, i 25 Smith's Lecture Notes on Chemistry for Dental Students 8vo, 2 50 16 Steel's Treatise on the Diseases of the Dog 8vo, 3 50 * Whipple's Typhoid Fever Large i2mo, 3 oo Woodhull's Notes on Military Hygiene i6mo, i 50 * Personal Hygiene i2mo, i oo Worcester and Atkinson's Small Hospitals Establishment and Maintenance, and Suggestions for Hospital Architecture, with Plans for a Small Hospital I2mo, I 25 METALLURGY. Betts's Lead Refining by Electrolysis 8vo. 4 oo Bolland's Encyclopedia of Founding and Dictionary of Foundry Terms Used in the Practice of Moulding I2mo, 3 oo Iron Founder 12mo. 2 50 Supplement 12mo, 2 50 Douglas's Untechnical Addresses on Technical Subjects I2mo, i oo Goesel's Minerals and Metals: A Reference Book , . . . . i6mo, mor. 3 oo * Iles's Lead-smelting 12mo, 2 50 Keep's Cast Iron 8vo, 2 50 Le Chatelier's High-temperature Measurements. (Boudouard — Burgess.) 12mo, 3 oo Metcalf's Steel. A Manual for Steel-users 12mo, 2 oo Miller's Cyanide Process 12mo i oo Minet's Production of Aluminum and its Industrial Use. (Waldo.)... . 12mo, 2 50 Robine and Lenglen's Cyanide Industry. (Le Clerc.) 8vo, 4 oo Ruer's Elements of Metallography. (Mathewson). (In Press.) Smith's Materials of Machines 12mo, i co Thurston's Materials of Engineering. In Three Parts 8vo, 8 oo part I. Non-metallic Materials of Engineering, see Civil Engineering, page 9. Part II. Iron and Steel 8vo, 3 50 Part III. A Treatise on Brasses, Bronzes, and Other Alloys and their Constituents 8vo, 2 50 Hike's Modern Electrolytic Copper Refining 8vo, 3 oo "West's American Foundry Practice I2mo, 2 50 Moulders Text Book I2mo, 2 50 Wilson's Chlorination Process 12mo, i 50 Cyanide Processes I2mo, i 50 MINERALOGY. Barringer's Description of Minerals of Commercial Value. Oblong, morocco, 2 50 Boyd's Resources of Southwest Virginia 8vo 3 oo Boyd's Map of Southwest Virginia Pocket-book form. 2 oo * Browning's Introduction to the Rarer Elements 8vo, i 50 Brush's Manual of Determinative Mineralogy. (Penfield.) 8vo, 4 oo Butler's Pocket Hand-Book of Minerals 16mo, mor. 3 oo Chester's Catalogue of Minerals 8vo, paper, i oo Cloth, i 25 Crane ' s Gold and Silver . ( I n Press . ) Dana's First Appendix to Dana's New " System of Mineralogy. ." . . Large 8vo, i oo Manual of Mineralogy and Petrography i2mo 2 oo Minerals and How to Study Them I2mo, i 50 System of Mineralogy Large 8vo, half leather, 12 50 Text-book of Mineralogy 8vo, 4 oo Douglas's Untechnical Addresses on Technical Subjects ! . . . I2mo. i oo Eakle's Mineral Tables - 8vo, i 25 Stone and Clay Products Used in Engineering. (In Preparation). Egleston's Catalogue of Minerals and Synonyms 8vo, 2 50 Goesel's Minerals and Metals : A Reference Book i6mo, mor. 3 oo Groth's Introduction to Chemical Crystallography (Marshall) i2mo, i 25 17 * Iddings's Rock Minerals 8vo, 5 oo Johannsen's Determination of Rock-forming Minerals in Thin Sections 8vo, 4 oo * Martin's Laboratory Guide to Qualitative Analysis with the Blowpipe. 12010, 60 Merrill's Non-metallic Minerals: Their Occurrence and Uses 8vo, 4 oo Stones for Building and Decoration 8vo, 500 * Penfield's Notes on Determinative Mineralogy and Record of Mineral Tests. 8vo, paper, 50 Tables of Minerals, Including the Use of Minerals and Statistics of Domestic Production 8vo, i oo Pirsson's Rocks and Rock Minerals. (In Press.) * Richards's Synopsis of Mineral Characters I2mo, mor. i 25 * Ries's Clays: Their Occurrence, Properties, and Uses 8vo, 5 oo * Tollman's Text-book of Important Minerals and Rocks 8vo, 2 oo MINING. * Beard's Mine Gases and Explosions Large 12010, 3 oo Boyd's Map of Southwest Virginia Pocket-book form, 2 oo Resources of Southwest Virginia 8vo, 3 oo Crane's Gold and Silver. (In Press.) Douglas's Untechnical Addresses on Technical Subjects i2mo, I oo Eissler's Modern High Explosives 8yo» 4 oo Goesel's Minerals and Metals : A Reference Book i6mo, mor. 3 oo Ihlseng's Manual of Mining 8vo, 5 oo * Iles's Lead-smelting I2mo, 2 50 Miller's Cyanide Process i2mo, i oo O'Driscoll's Notes on the Treatment of Gold Ores 8vo, 2 oo Peele's Compressed Air Plant for Mines. (In Press.) Riemer's Shaft Sinking Under Difficult Conditions. (Corning and Peele) .. .8vo, 3 oo Robine and Lenglen's Cyanide Industry. (Le Clerc.) 8vo, 4 oo * Weaver's Military Explosives 8vo, 3 oo Wilson's Chlorination Process i2mo, i 50 Cyanide Processes I2mo, i 50 Hydraulic and Placer Mining. 2d edition, rewritten i2mo, 2 50 Treatise on Practical and Theoretical Mine Ventilation i2mo, i 25 SANITARY SCIENCE. Association of State and National Pood and Dairy Departments, Hartford Meeting, 1906 8vo, 3 oo Jamestown Meeting, 1907 8vo, 3 oo * Bashore's Outlines of Practical Sanitation 12mo, i 25 Sanitation of a Country House 12mo, i oo Sanitation of Recreation Camps and Parks 12mo, i oo FolwelTs Sewerage. (Designing, Construction, and Maintenance.) 8vo, 3 oo Water-supply Engineering gvo, 4 oo Fowler's Sewage Works Analyses 12mo, 2 oo Fuertes's Water-filtration Works 12mo, 2 50 Water and Public Health 12mo, i 50 Gerhard's Guide to Sanitary House-inspection 16mo, i oo * Modern Baths and Bath Houses 8vo, 3 oo Sanitation of Public Buildings 12mo, i 50 Hazen's Clean Water and How to Get It Large 12mo, i 50 Filtration of Public Water-supplies 8vo, 3 oo Kinnicut, Winslow and Pratt 's Purification of Sewage. (In Press.) Leach's Inspection and Analysis of Food with Special Reference to State Control 8vo, 7 oo Mason's Examination of Water. (Chemical and Bacteriological) 12mo, i 25 Water-supply. (Considered principally from a Sanitary Standpoint). .8vo, 4 oo> 18 * Merriman's Elements of Sanitary Engineering 8vo, 2 oo Ogden's Sewer Design I2mo, 2 oo Parsons's Disposal of Municipal Refuse 8vo, 2 oo Prescott and Winslow's Elements of Water Bacteriology, with Special Refer- ence to Sanitary Water Analysis 12mo, * Price's Handbook on Sanitation 12mo, Richards's Cost of Food. A Study in Dietaries 12mo, Cost of Living as Modified by Sanitary Science 12mo, Cost of Shelter 12mo, * Richards and Williams's Dietary Computer 8vo, Richards and Woodman's Air, Water, and Food from a Sanitary Stand- point. 8vo, Rideal's Disinfection and the Preservation of Food 8vo, So 50 oo oo oo 50 00 00 Sewage and Bacterial Purification of Sewage 8vo, 4 oo Soper's Air and Ventilation of Subways. (In Press.) Turneaure and Russell's Public Water-supplies 8vo, 5 oo Venable's Garbage Crematories in America 8vo, 2 oo Method and Devices for Bacterial Treatment of Sewage 8vo, 3 oo Ward and Whipple's Freshwater Biology. (In Press.) Whipple's Microscopy of Drinking-water 8vo, 3 50 * Typhod Fever Large 12mo, 3 oo Value of Pure Water Large I2mo, i oo Winton's Microscopy of Vegetable Foods 8vo, 7 50 MISCELLANEOUS. Emmons's Geological Guide-book of the Rocky Mountain Excursion of the International Congress of Geologists Large 8vo, i 50 Ferrel's Popular Treatise on the Winds 8vo, 4 oo Fitzgerald's Boston Machinist i8mo, i oo Gannett's Statistical Abstract of the World 24mo, 75 Haines's American Railway Management 12mo, 2 50 * Hanusek's The Microscopy of Technical Products. (Winton) 8vo, 5 oo Ricketts's History of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 1824-1894. Large i2mo, 3 oo Rother ham's Emphasized New Testament Large 8vo, 2 oo Standage's Decoration of Wood, Glass, Metal, etc 12mo, 2 oo Thome's Structural and Physiological Botany. (Bennett) 16mo, 2 25 Westermaier's Compendium of General Botany. (Schneider) 8vo, 2 oo Winslow's Elements of Applied Microscopy 12mo, i 50 HEBREW AND CHALDEE TEXT-BOOKS. Green's Elementary Hebrew Grammar i2mo, i 25 Gesenius's Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament Scriptures. (Tregelles.) Small 4to, half morocco, 5 oo 19 THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE STAMPED BELOW AN INITIAL FINE OF 25 CENTS WILL BE ASSESSED FOR FAILURE TO RETURN THIS BOOK ON THE DATE DUE. THE PENALTY WILL INCREASE TO SO CENTS ON THE FOURTH DAY AND TO $1.OO ON THE SEVENTH DAY OVERDUE. LD 21-100m-7,'39(402s) U.C. BERKELEY LIBRARIES C007D53S2M 178536